TRF2 rescues pathogenic phenotypes in Duchenne muscular dystrophy cardiomyocytes derived from human iPSCs

Abstract

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe muscle wasting disease caused by the lack of dystrophin. Heart failure, driven by cardiomyocyte death, fibrosis, and the development of dilated cardiomyopathy, is the leading cause of death in DMD patients. Current treatments decrease the mechanical load on the heart, but do not address the root cause of dilated cardiomyopathy: cardiomyocyte death. Previously, we showed that telomere shortening is a hallmark of cardiomyocytes in DMD patient cardiac tissues and in a mouse model of DMD we generated that manifests dilated cardiomyopathy. We also found that this telomere shortening is recapitulated in DMD cardiomyocytes differentiated from patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Here we further characterize that DMD cardiomyocytes exhibit reduced cell size, nuclear size, and sarcomere density compared to healthy isogenic controls. The telomere-binding protein, TRF2, is a core component of the shelterin complex, which protects chromosome ends and is expressed at lower levels in DMD cardiomyocytes compared to controls. We investigated whether preservation of telomere length could be achieved with upregulation of TRF2. We found that TRF2 upregulation in DMD cardiomyocytes increased telomere lengths, cell size, nuclear size, sarcomere density, and cell survival. These data suggest TRF2 gene therapy has the potential to delay the onset of dilated cardiomyopathy.