A novel TREM2 splice isoform lacking the ligand binding is expressed in brain and shares localization

Abstract

BackgroundGenetic variants in TREM2 are strongly associated with Alzheimers Disease (AD) risk but alternative splicing in TREM2 transcripts has not been comprehensively described. ObjectiveRecognizing that alternative splice variants can result in reduced gene expression and/or altered function, we sought to fully characterize splice variation in TREM2. MethodsHuman blood and anterior cingulate autopsy tissue from 61 donors were used for end-point and quantitative PCR and Western blotting to identify and quantify novel TREM2 isoforms. ResultsIn addition to previously described transcripts lacking exon 3 or exon 4, or retaining part of intron 3, we identified novel isoforms lacking exon 2, along with isoforms lacking multiple exons. Isoforms lacking exon 2 were predominant at approximately 10% of TREM2 mRNA in the brain. Expression of TREM2 and frequency of exon 2 skipping did not differ between AD samples and non-AD controls (p = 0.1268 and p = 0.4909, respectively). Further, these novel splice isoforms were also observed across multiple tissues with similar frequency (range 5.3 - 13.0%). We found that the exon 2 skipped isoform D2-TREM2 is translated to protein and localizes similarly to full-length TREM2 protein, that both proteins are primarily retained in the Golgi complex, and that D2-TREM2 is expressed in AD and non-AD brain. ConclusionSince the TREM2 ligand binding domain is encoded by exon 2, and skipping this exon retains reading frame while conserving localization, we hypothesize that D2-TREM2 acts as an inhibitor of TREM2 and targeting TREM2 splicing may be a novel therapeutic pathway for AD.