Non-invasive Imaging of Sense of Smell by Tracking the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel NaV1.7

Abstract

The sense of smell (olfaction) is one of the most important senses for animals including humans. Despite significant advances in the understanding mechanism of olfaction, currently, there are no objective non-invasive methods that can identify loss of smell. Covid-19-related loss of smell has highlighted the need to develop methods that can identify loss of olfaction. Voltage-gated sodium channel 1.7 (NaV1.7) plays a critical role in olfaction by aiding the signal propagation to the olfactory bulb. We have identified several conditions such as chronic inflammation and viral infections such as Covid-19 that lead to loss of smell correlate with downregulation of NaV1.7 expression at transcript and protein levels in the olfactory epithelium. Leveraging this knowledge, we have developed a novel fluorescent probe Tsp1a-IR800 that targets NaV1.7. Using fluorescence imaging we can objectively measure the loss of sense of smell in live animals non-invasively. We also demonstrate that our non-invasive method is semiquantitative because the loss of fluorescence intensity correlates with the level of smell loss. Our results indicate, that our probe Tsp1a-IR800, can objectively diagnose anosmia in animal and human subjects using infrared fluorescence. We believe this method to non-invasively diagnose loss of smell objectively is a significant advancement in relation to current methods that rely on highly subjective behavioral studies and can aid in studying olfaction loss and the development of therapeutic interventions.