Dickeya solani D s0432-1 produces an arsenal of secondary metabolites with anti-prokaryotic and anti-eukaryotic activities against bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and aphids.

Abstract

The necrotrophic plant pathogenic bacterium Dickeya solani emerged in the potato agrosystem in Europe. All isolated strains of D. solani contain several large polyketide synthase/non-ribosomal peptide synthetase gene clusters. Analogy with genes described in other bacteria suggests that the clusters ooc and zms are involved in the production of secondary metabolites of the oocydin and zeamine families, respectively. A third cluster that we named ssm for solani secondary metabolite had an unknown function. In this study, we constructed mutants impaired in each of the three secondary metabolite clusters ssm, ooc, and zms to compare first the phenotype of the D. solani wild-type strain D s0432-1 with its associated mutants. We demonstrated the antimicrobial functions of these three PKS/NRPS clusters against bacteria, yeasts or fungi. The secondary metabolite cluster ssm, conserved in several other Dickeya species, produces a secondary metabolite inhibiting yeasts. Phenotyping and comparative genomics of different D. solani wild-type isolates revealed that the small regulatory RNA ArcZ plays a major role in the control of the clusters ssm and zms. A single-point mutation, conserved in some Dickeya wild-type strains, including the type strain IPO 2222, impairs the ArcZ function by affecting its processing into an active form. AUTHOR SUMMARYThe development of new antibacterial molecules is critical in tackling the emergence of new pathogens or bacterial strains resistant to already available antibiotics. Bacterial phytopathogens can potentially synthesize novel compounds capable of targeting a specific type of microorganism. Dickeya solani is the only of the twelve described Dickeya species that has the three secondary metabolic pathways ssm, ooc and zms. An investigation of the functions of these three clusters allowed us to identify the anti-yeast activity of the ssm cluster, a potential new molecule of clinical importance. By comparing the antimicrobial activity of several Dickeya solani strains, we identified the small RNA regulator ArcZ as a critical regulator in the activation of the ssm and zms clusters. Our study showed that single-nucleotide polymorphisms of sRNA encoding genes can have huge impacts on bacterial phenotypes. It is thus critical to pay attention to the allele diversity of sRNA genes.