Protein Kinase C gamma Mutations Drive Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 14 by Impairing Autoinhibition

Abstract

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 14 (SCA14) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by germline variants in the diacylglycerol (DG)/Ca2+-regulated protein kinase C gamma (PKC{gamma}), leading to Purkinje cell degeneration and progressive cerebellar dysfunction. The majority of the approximately 50 identified variants cluster to the DG-sensing C1 domains. Here, we use a FRET- based activity reporter to show that ataxia-associated PKC{gamma} mutations enhance basal activity by compromising autoinhibition. Although impaired autoinhibition generally leads to PKC degradation, the C1 domain mutations protect PKC{gamma} from phorbol ester-induced downregulation. Furthermore, it is the degree of disrupted autoinhibition, not changes in the amplitude of agonist- stimulated activity, that correlate with disease severity. This enhanced basal signaling rewires the brain phosphoproteome, as assessed by phosphoproteomic analysis of cerebella from mice expressing a human PKC{gamma} transgene harboring a SCA14 C1 domain mutation, H101Y. Validating that the pathology arises from disrupted autoinhibition, we show that the degree of impaired autoinhibition correlates inversely with age of disease onset in patients: mutations that cause high basal activity are associated with early onset, whereas those that only modestly increase basal activity, including a previously undescribed variant, D115Y, are associated with later onset. Molecular modeling indicates that almost all SCA14 variants that are not in the C1 domains are at interfaces with the C1B domain, and bioinformatics analysis reveals that variants in the C1B domain are under-represented in cancer. Thus, clustering of SCA14 variants to the C1B domain provides a unique mechanism to enhance PKC{gamma} basal activity while protecting the enzyme from downregulation, deregulating the cerebellar phosphoproteome. One Sentence SummarySCA14 driver mutations in PKC{gamma} impair autoinhibition, with defect correlating inversely with age of disease onset.