A Non-redundant Role for T cell-derived IL-22 in Antibacterial Defense of Colonic Crypts

Abstract

IL-22 is a key cytokine in immune defense against pathogens at barrier sites. In response to enteric attaching and effacing bacteria, IL-22 produced by type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) is thought to be important early for induction of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that protect intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in advance of T cell-derived IL-22 that arises later. Yet, the basis for a requirement for both innate and adaptive IL-22-producing immune cells in protecting the intestinal mucosa is unknown. Here, using novel mice that both report IL-22 expression and can be targeted for its lineage-specific deletion, we show that mice with deficiency of IL-22 targeted to innate immune cells, including ILC3s, have impaired STAT3 activation of surface colonic IECs colonized by bacteria early in infection. In contrast, mice with IL-22 deficiency limited to T cells have complete loss of STAT3 activation in IECs lining colonic crypts and fail to protect the crypts from bacterial invasion late despite ongoing production of IL-22 from ILC3s. T cell-derived IL-22 is required for upregulation of many host-protective genes by crypt IECs, including those encoding AMPs, neutrophil-recruiting chemokines, and mucins and mucin-related molecules, while also restricting pro-inflammatory genes downstream of IFN{gamma} and TNF signals. Thus, T cell-derived IL-22 is indispensable for antibacterial defense and damage control of intestinal crypts.