Deficiency of SYCP3-related XLR3 Disrupts the Initiation of Meiotic Sex Chromosome Inactivation in Mouse Spermatogenesis

Abstract

In mammals, the X and Y chromosomes share only small regions of homology called pseudo-autosomal regions (PAR) where pairing and recombination in spermatocytes can occur. Consequently, the sex chromosomes remain largely unsynapsed during meiosis I and are sequestered in a nuclear compartment known as the XY body where they are transcriptionally silenced in a process called meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI). MSCI mirrors meiotic silencing of unpaired chromatin (MSUC), the sequestration and transcriptional repression of unpaired DNA observed widely in eukaryotes. MSCI is initiated by the assembly of the axial elements of the synaptonemal complex (SC) comprising the structural proteins SYCP2 and SYCP3 followed by the ordered recruitment of DNA Damage Response (DDR) factors to effect gene silencing. However, the precise mechanism of how unsynapsed chromatin is detected in meiocytes is poorly understood. The sex chromosomes in eutherian mammals harbor multiple clusters of SYCP3-like amplicons comprising the Xlr gene family, only a handful of which have been functionally studied. We used a shRNA-transgenic mouse model to create a deficiency in the testis-expressed multicopy Xlr3 genes to investigate their role in spermatogenesis. Here we show that knockdown of Xlr3 in mice leads to spermatogenic defects and a skewed sex ratio that can be traced to MSCI breakdown. Spermatocytes deficient in XLR3 form the XY body and the SC axial elements therein, but are compromised in their ability to recruit DDR components to the XY body. Author SummaryA key event in the production of sperm is the pairing and synapsis of homologous chromosome pairs to facilitate genetic recombination during the first meiotic division. Chromosomal abnormalities that undermine pairing and synapsis in spermatocytes trigger a checkpoint that leads to removal of the abnormal cells via programmed cell death. In mammals, the sex chromosomes, X and Y, lack homology through most of their length and remain largely unpaired. To avoid triggering the checkpoint the X and Y are sequestered in a specialized nuclear compartment called the XY body. DNA damage response (DDR) proteins are recruited to the XY body in a highly ordered progression leading to repression of all gene transcription from the sex chromosomes. We show that knocking down expression of the X-linked SYCR3-like gene, Xlr3, disrupts sex chromosome gene silencing by interfering with recruitment of DDR factors, leading to compromised sperm production.