Postural perturbation induced by electrical stimulation; A new approach to examine the mechanism of falling

Abstract

BackgroundFalling is a major cause of disability and death among elderly people. Therefore, a clear understanding of fall mechanism is necessary for providing preventative and treatment methods. Several fall simulation protocols have been introduced to study lost of balance in a laboratory setting. New MethodWe have explained and examined a new method to induce a sudden perturbation on standing posture to provide an insight into the mechanism of falling. The method comprises eliciting an H-reflex protocol while subjects are standing which produces a contraction in soleus and gastrocnemius muscles. We have also defined analytical techniques to provide biomarkers of balance control during perturbation. The method is easy to implement and interpret. The H-reflex or M-wave can be elicited unilaterally or bilaterally causing a forward or sideway perturbation. The vector analysis and the Equilibrium Point calculations defined here can quantify the amplitude, direction, and evolution of the perturbation. ResultsWe tested this method on a group of healthy individuals and observed clear patterns of loss of balance due to stimulation. Direction and magnitude of deviation was manifested through the reconstructed vectors, with bilateral stimulation causing the largest perturbation. Comparison and conclusionThe resultant plantarflexion torque is reminiscent of tripping over an obstacle and triggers corrective reactions to restore balance. Therefore, it is more similar to an internal perturbation. Mechanical perturbations to the torso cause a displacement in center of mass (COM) and trigger a cascade of mechanisms. Our method, does not trigger the perturbation by the displacement of COM initially and therefore, triggers fewer mechanisms for regaining balance.