bioRxiv Science⌕ Search
Home/Archive/bioRxiv

bioRxiv · 10.1101/2020.11.13.380469

The effect of combined treatment of vitamin C and loperamide on intestinal sodium and potassium ion ATPase, alkaline phosphatase and lipid peroxidation on castor oil induced diarrheal rats.

Anthony, G. I.·Iorhemba, P. A.
View original source ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

BackgroundDiarrhea is distinguished by prevalence of bowel movement accompanied by a loose consistency of stools, resulting from hyper peristalsis of the small intestine or colon, Diarrhea is a major challenge among infants and growing children. The study was carried out to assess the result of combined treatment of vitamin C and loperamide on intestinal Na+, K+ - ATPase, alkaline phosphatase, and lipid peroxidation in castor oil induced diarrheal wistar rats. MethodA total of 18 wistar rats weighing 180-200g were randomly divided into 6 groups, (Group 1 Normal control no castor oil, no treatment administered, Group 2 Experimental control were given castor oil 3.0 ml/kg body weight with no treatment, Group 3 Standard control were given castor oil 3.0 ml/kg body weight + loperamide, Group 4 Treatment 1 were administered 3.0 ml/kg body weight + 25 mg/kg combined effect of vitamin C and loperamide, Group 5 Treatment 2 were administered 3.0 ml/kg body weight + 50 mg/kg combined effect of vitamin C and loperamide, and Group 6 were administered 3.0 ml/kg body weight + 100 mg/kg combined effect of vitamin C and loperamide) with 3 rats per group; the experiment lasted for 24 hours. The action of intestinal alkaline phosphatase, Na+, K+ - ATPase and malondialdehyde were determined. ResultDescriptive statistical analysis was adopted using SPSS version 20. Combined effect of vitamin C and loperamide significantly (p<0.05) lowered the elevated levels of malondialdehyde caused by castor oil induced diarrhea; the Na+, K+ - ATPase intestinal activity treatment with both vitamin C and loperamide significantly elevated the activity of Na+, K+ ATPase when compared with the normal control, but both treatments (loperamide alone and vitamin C plus loperamide were not significantly different (p<0.05) to themselves. However, at 50 mg/kg body weight of combined effect of vitamin C and loperamide it showed significant difference in the action of intestinal alkaline phosphatase. ConclusionFindings of this study therefore, indicate that a combined effect of loperamide and vitamin C will be an effective therapeutic agent in the management of diarrhea by scavenging of free radicals generated in the cause of diarrheal to reduce lipid peroxidation. Therefore, combined effect of vitamin C and loperamide should be encouraged in the management of diarrhea. Further research should be directed towards assessing the therapeutic action of vitamin C only in the management of diarrhea.

Explore related subjects

pharmacology and toxicologyPreprint

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

Anthony, G. I., Iorhemba, P. A.. 2020-11-13. The effect of combined treatment of vitamin C and loperamide on intestinal sodium and potassium ion ATPase, alkaline phosphatase and lipid peroxidation on castor oil induced diarrheal rats.. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.13.380469

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related preprints

bioRxiv2026

Lipid-ASO therapeutics exhibit differential tissue targeted delivery upon systemic or local CNS administration

Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are a powerful therapeutic modality, but their full potential is hindered by pharmacokinetic properties that affect tissue and cellular delivery. Lipid conjugation is increasingly used to modulate ASO's biodistribution and promote extrahepatic activity, yet lipid dependent effects on in vivo functional delivery, particularly in the central nervous system (CNS), remain less explored. Here, we performed a side by side in vivo comparison of cholesterol, palmitic acid (C16:0), docosanoic acid (C22:0), and eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5) conjugated to a fully phosphorothioated 3 10 3 LNA gapmer ASO targeting the Malat1 long non coding RNA. Lipid-ASO conjugates were administered systemically or locally in the brain of mice and evaluated for tissue level and cellular level distribution by imaging, qPCR and single-cell RNA sequencing, simultaneously annotating cell origin and global transcriptional changes within the cell. Following systemic administration in mice, lipid conjugation improved overall multi organ efficacy compared to unconjugated ASO, but with pronounced tissue specific differences. Single cell sequencing of liver and heart transcriptomes revealed lipid dependent cellular uptake patterns and transcriptional responses distinct from administration of unconjugated ASO. After intracerebroventricular administration, selected fatty acid conjugates enhanced silencing in deep brain regions such as the striatum, whereas cholesterol conjugation impaired functional delivery despite increased CNS retention. Light-sheet microscopy showed restricted parenchymal penetration of cholesterol ASOs compared with broader but heterogeneous distribution of palmitic acid conjugate. Together, these findings demonstrate that lipid identity critically determines ASO efficacy, productive cellular uptake, and regional CNS engagement, emphasizing the need for context specific lipid design in ASO therapeutic development.

pharmacology and toxicology↗
bioRxiv2026

Novel Dissymmetric Ionizable Lipid-Assembled Lipid Nanoparticles for Delivery of Ferroptosis-Related siRNA in Diabetic Treatment

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) enables precise post-transcriptional gene silencing for refractory diseases, yet its clinical translation remains limited by the lack of safe and efficient delivery vectors. Inspired by the dissymmetric alkyl chain architecture of natural membrane phospholipids, we designed and synthesized 34 novel ionizable lipids with dissymmetric hydrophobic tails and formulated them into lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). Through systematic physicochemical and biological assessments, we established clear structure-activity relationships and identified two lead LNPs (O14-LNP, H18a-LNP) with superior endosomal escape capacity, enhanced in vivo gene silencing potency, and favorable biosafety relative to the clinical benchmark MC3-LNP. In both streptozotocin-induced and spontaneous db/db type 2 diabetes (T2D) mouse models, lead LNPs delivering ferroptosis-related siRNAs effectively ameliorated glucose and lipid metabolic disorders, restored islet function, and alleviated hepatic steatosis. This study not only lays a theoretical foundation for the rational design of novel ionizable lipids, but also validates the therapeutic potential of siRNA therapy targeting ferroptosis, providing a versatile delivery platform and targeted therapeutic strategy for the treatment of T2D.

pharmacology and toxicology↗
bioRxiv2021

Antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs reduce viral infection by SARS-CoV-2 and fluoxetine show antiviral activity against the novel variants in vitro

Background and PurposeRepurposing of currently available drugs is a valuable strategy to tackle the consequences of COVID-19. Recently, several studies have investigated the effect of psychoactive drugs on SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture models as well as in clinical practice. Our aim was to expand these studies and test some of these compounds against newly emerged variants. Experimental ApproachSeveral antidepressant drugs and antipsychotic drugs with different primary mechanisms of action were tested in ACE2/TMPRSS2-expressing human embryonic kidney cells against the infection by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-dependent pseudoviruses. Some of these compounds were also tested in human lung epithelial cell line, Calu-1, against the first wave (B.1) lineage of SARS-CoV-2 and the variants of concern, B.1.1.7 and B.1.351. Key ResultsSeveral clinically used antidepressants, including fluoxetine, citalopram, reboxetine, imipramine, as well as antipsychotic compounds chlorpromazine, flupenthixol, and pimozide inhibited the infection by pseudotyped viruses with minimal effects on cell viability. The antiviral action of several of these drugs was verified in Calu-1 cells against the (B.1) lineage of SARS-CoV-2. By contrast, the anticonvulsant carbamazepine, and novel antidepressants ketamine and its derivatives as well as MAO and phosphodiesterase inhibitors phenelzine and rolipram, respectively, showed no activity in the pseudovirus model. Furthermore, fluoxetine remained effective against pseudo viruses with N501Y, K417N, and E484K spike mutations, and the VoC-1 (B.1.1.7) and VoC-2 (B.1.351) variants of SARS-CoV-2. Conclusion and ImplicationsOur study confirms previous data and extends information on the repurposing of these drugs to counteract SARS-CoV-2 infection including different variants of concern.

pharmacology and toxicology↗