Glypicans specifically regulate Hedgehog signaling through their interaction with Ihog in cytonemes

Abstract

The conserved family of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling proteins plays a key role in cell-cell communication in development, tissue repair and cancer progression. These proteins can act as morphogens, inducing responses dependent on the ligand concentration in target cells located at a distance. Hh proteins are lipid modified and thereby have high affinity for membranes, which hinders the understanding of their spreading across tissues. Direct contact between cell membranes by filopodia-like structures (also known as cytonemes) could be the simplest explanation for Hh dispersal. To better understand this signaling mechanism, we have analyzed in Drosophila the interaction between the glypicans that, besides for other pathways, are necessary for Hh signaling, plus the adhesion molecules and Hh coreceptors Ihog and Boi. We describe that glypicans (Dally and Dally-like protein) are required to maintain Ihog, but not Boi, protein levels. We also show that ectopic Ihog stabilizes cytonemes through its interaction with glypicans, and we determine that two Ihog fibronectin III domains are essential for this interaction. Our data suggest that this interaction with Ihog in cytonemes confers the specificity of glypicans for Hh signaling.