STAG2 loss-of-function affects short-range genomic contacts and modulates urothelial differentiation in bladder cancer cells

Abstract

Cohesin exists in two variants, containing either STAG1 or STAG2. STAG2 is one of the most commonly mutated genes in human cancer, and a major bladder cancer tumor suppressor. Little is known about how its inactivation contributes to tumor development. Here, we analyze the genomic distribution of STAG1 and STAG2 and perform STAG2 loss-of-function experiments using RT112 bladder cancer cells; we then analyze the resulting genomic effects by integrating gene expression and chromatin interaction data. Cohesin-STAG2 is required for DNA contacts within topological domains, but not for compartment maintenance of domain boundary integrity. Cohesin-STAG2-mediated interactions are short-ranged and engage promoters and gene bodies with higher frequency than those mediated by cohesin-STAG1. STAG2 knockdown resulted in a modest but consistent down-regulation of the luminal urothelial differentiation signature, mirroring differences between STAG2-high and STAG2-low bladder tumors. Both lost and gained contacts were enriched among STAG1/STAG2 common sites as well as STAG2-enriched sites. Contacts lost upon depletion of STAG2 were significantly assortative, indicating their proximity at the 3D level, and were associated with changes in gene expression. Overall, our findings indicate that, in urothelial cells, STAG2 is required for the establishment and/or maintenance of DNA looping that, in turn, sustains the luminal differentiation program. This mechanism may contribute to the tumor suppressor function of STAG2 in bladder cancer.