First report of antiviral activity of nordihydroguaiaretic acid against Fort Sherman-like virus (Orthobunyavirus)

Abstract

The genus Orthobunyavirus are a group of viruses within arbovirus, with a zoonotic cycle, some of which could lead to human infection. A characteristic of these viruses is their lack of antiviral treatment or vaccine for its prevention. The objective of this work was to study the in vitro antiviral activity of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), the most important active compound of Larrea divaricata Cav. (Zigophyllaceae), against Fort Sherman-like virus (FSV-like) as a model of Orthobunyavirus genus. At the same time, the effect of NDGA as a lipolytic agent on the cell cycle of this viral model was assessed. The method of reducing plaque forming units on LLC-MK2 cells was used to detect the action of NDGA on CbaAr426 and SFCrEq231 isolates of FSV-like. NDGA did not show virucidal effect, but it had antiviral activity with a similar inhibition in both isolates, which was dose dependent. It was established that the NDGA has a better inhibition one-hour post infection (p.i.), showing a different behavior in each isolate, which was dependent upon the time p.i. Since virus multiplication is dependent on host cell lipid metabolism, the antiviral effect of NDGA has been previously related to its ability to disturb the lipid metabolism, probably by interfering with the sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP) pathway and the 5-lipoxigenase (5-LOX). We determined by using caffeic acid, a 5-LOX inhibitor, that the inhibition of this enzyme negatively affected the FSV-like replication; and by the use of resveratrol, a SREBP1 inhibitor, it was showed that the negative regulation of this pathway only had action on the SFCrEq231 reduction. In addition, it was proved that the NDGA acts intracellularly, since it showed the ability to incorporate into LLC-MK2 cells. The information provided in this work converts the NDGA in a good antiviral candidate, especially for Orthobunyavirus infections, and a useful tool for the biochemical study of FSV-like that causes an infection poorly studied and potentially dangerous.