PrimPol primase mediates replication traverse of DNA interstrand crosslinks

Abstract

Interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) are DNA lesions frequently induced by chemotherapy that interfere with essential processes such as replication and transcription. ICL repair may be initiated by the convergence of two replication forks at the crosslink, which results in a termination-like DNA structure recognized and processed by the Fanconi Anemia (FA) pathway. An alternative possibility to generate a suitable substrate for ICL repair involves "ICL traverse", a DNA damage tolerance mechanism in which a single fork arriving at the ICL can skip the lesion and restart DNA synthesis from a downstream point. This reaction requires FANCM translocase, the BLM/TOP3A/RMI1-2 (BTR) complex and other factors. Here we report that PrimPol, the second primase-polymerase identified in mammalian cells after Pol/Primase, interacts with BTR and participates in the ICL traverse reaction. A functional complementation assay reveals that the primase activity of PrimPol is required, confirming the need for re-priming events during ICL traverse. Genetic ablation of PRIMPOL strongly impaired this tolerance mechanism, making cells more dependent on fork convergence to initiate ICL repair. PRIMPOL KO cells and mice display hypersensitivity to ICL-inducing drugs, opening the possibility of targeting PrimPol activity to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy based on DNA crosslinking agents.