Lineage-specific diversification in the usage of D-glutamate and D-aspartate in early-branching metazoans

Abstract

D-amino acids are unique and essential signaling molecules in neural, hormonal, and immune systems. However, the presence of D-amino acids and their recruitment in early animals is mostly unknown due to limited information about prebilaterian metazoans. Here, we performed the comparative survey of L-/D-aspartate and L-/D-glutamate in representatives of four phyla of basal Metazoa: cnidarians (Aglantha); placozoans (Trichoplax), sponges (Sycon) and ctenophores (Pleurobrachia, Mnemiopsis, Bolinopsis, and Beroe), which are descendants of ancestral animal lineages distinct from Bilateria. Specifically, we used high-performance capillary electrophoresis for microchemical assays and quantification of the enantiomers. L-glutamate and L-aspartate were abundant analytes in all species studied. However, we showed that the placozoans, cnidarians, and sponges had high micromolar concentrations of D-aspartate, whereas D-glutamate was not detectable. In contrast, we found that in ctenophores, D-glutamate was the dominant enantiomer with no or trace amounts of D-aspartate. This situation illuminates prominent lineage-specific diversifications in the recruitment of D-amino acids and suggests distinct signaling functions of these molecules early in the animal evolution. We also hypothesize that a deep ancestry of such recruitment events might provide some constraints underlying the evolution of neural and other signaling systems in Metazoa. HighlightsO_LID-amino acids are essential for intercellular signaling and evolution C_LIO_LIEnantiomers have been quantified in early-branching animals C_LIO_LILineage-specific recruitment of D-glutamate could occur in ctenophores C_LIO_LID-aspartate is one of the primary enantiomers in other metazoans C_LIO_LIDeep ancestry of such events could provide constraints in the evolution of signaling C_LI Graphical Abstract O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY D-amino acids are essential for intercellular signaling. Direct microchemical quantification of enantiomers in representatives of early-branching animals suggests lineage-specific recruitments of D-glutamate and D-aspartate. Deep ancestry of such events might provide some constraints underlying the evolution of neural and other signaling systems in Metazoa. C_FIG_DISPLAY