Vibrio campbellii DS40M4 is a tractable model strain that diverges from the canonical quorum-sensing regulatory circuit in vibrios

Abstract

Vibrio campbellii BB120 (previously classified as Vibrio harveyi) is a fundamental model strain for studying quorum sensing in vibrios. A phylogenetic evaluation of sequenced Vibrio strains in Genbank revealed that BB120 is closely related to the environmental isolate V. campbellii DS40M4. We exploited DS40M4s competence for exogenous DNA uptake to rapidly generate >30 isogenic strains with deletions of genes encoding BB120 quorum-sensing system homologs. Our results show that the quorum-sensing circuit of DS40M4 is distinct from BB120 in three ways: 1) DS40M4 does not produce an acyl homoserine lactone autoinducer but encodes an active orphan LuxN receptor, 2) the quorum regulatory small RNAs (Qrrs) are not solely regulated by autoinducer signaling through the response regulator LuxO, and 3) the DS40M4 quorum-sensing regulon is much smaller than BB120 (~100 genes vs ~400 genes, respectively). Using comparative genomics to expand our understanding of quorum-sensing circuit diversity, we observe that conservation of LuxM/LuxN proteins differs widely both between and within Vibrio species. These strains are also phenotypically distinct: DS40M4 exhibits stronger interbacterial cell killing, whereas BB120 forms more robust biofilms and is bioluminescent. These results underscore the need to examine wild isolates for a broader view of bacterial diversity in the marine ecosystem. Originality-Significance StatementWild bacterial isolates yield important information about traits that vary within species. Here, we compare environmental isolate Vibrio campbellii DS40M4 to its close relative, the model strain BB120 that has been a fundamental strain for studying quorum sensing for >30 years. We examine several phenotypes that define this species, including quorum sensing, bioluminescence, and biofilm formation. Importantly, DS40M4 is naturally transformable with exogenous DNA, which allows for the rapid generation of mutants in a laboratory setting. By exploiting natural transformation, we genetically dissected the functions of BB120 quorum-sensing system homologs in the DS40M4 strain, including two-component signaling systems, transcriptional regulators, and small RNAs.