FRET-based Tau seeding assay does not represent prion-like templated assembly of Tau fibers

Abstract

Tau aggregation into amyloid fibers based on the cross-beta structure is a hallmark of several Tauopathies, including Alzheimer Disease (AD). Trans-cellular propagation of Tau with pathological conformation has been suggested as a key disease mechanism. This is thought to cause the spreading of Tau pathology in AD by templated conversion of naive Tau in recipient cells into a pathological state, followed by assembly of pathological Tau fibers, similar to the mechanism proposed for prion pathogenesis. In cell cultures, the process is usually monitored by a FRET assay where the recipient cell expresses the Tau repeat domain (TauRD, with pro-aggregant mutation, e.g., {Delta}K280 or P301L, [~]13.5 kDa) fused to GFP-based FRET pairs (YFP or CFP, [~]28 kD). Since the diameter of the reporter GFP ([~]3 nm) is [~]6.5 times larger than the {beta}-strand distance (0.47nm), this points to a potential steric clash. Hence, we investigated the influence of GFP tagged (N- or C-terminally) TauRD and TauFL (full-length Tau) on their aggregation behavior in vitro. Using biophysical methods (light scattering, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning-transmission electron microscopy (STEM)), we found that the assembly of TauRD{Delta}K-GFP was severely inhibited, even in the presence of nucleation enhancers (heparin and/or pre-formed PHFs from TauRD{Delta}K). Some rare fiber-like particles had a very different subunit packing from proper PHFs, as judged by STEM. The mass per length (MPL) values of TauRD{Delta}K fibrils are equivalent to 4.45 molecules/nm, close to the expected value for a paired-helical fiber with 2 protofilaments and cross-{beta} structure. By contrast, the elongated particles formed by TauRD{Delta}K-GFP have MPL values around [~]2, less than half of the values expected for PHFs, indicating that the subunit packing is distinct. Thus, both kinetic and structural observations are incompatible with a model whereby external Tau can form a template for PHF assembly of Tau-GFP in recipient cells. As a consequence, the observed local increase of FRET in recipient cells must be caused by other signalling processes.