Influence of the ecological opportunity of interaction on the structure of host-parasite networks

Abstract

Despite the great interest to quantify the structure of ecological networks, the influence of morphological, ecological and evolutionary characteristics of the species still remains poorly understood. One of the challenging issues in ecology is how the interaction opportunity influences and provides changes to the associations between species, and which effects these changes have on ecological systems. To explore topological patterns in host-parasite networks, we sampled endoparasites-anurans interactions in South America in order to determine whether the effect of the ecological opportunity affects our understanding of the topological structure of the interaction networks. To identify the effect of the ecological opportunity for interaction, we investigated interactions in environments with and without flood pulse, where presence would promote higher ecological opportunity of interaction. Moreover, we created three theoretical models with filters to test the influence of the ecological opportunity for interaction: random, phylogeny and host body size. We then calculated commonly used binary network metrics (connectance, nestedness and modularity) for the networks generated by the theoretical models. We demonstrated that the interaction ecological opportunity changes the structure of host-parasite networks, and was influenced mainly by phylogeny and body size of the host. Our results indicate that environments that offer greater opportunities for interaction between species present networks with the most connectance/nestedness and less modularity. Networks in environments that do not have such opportunities for interaction depict the opposite pattern. Our results indicate that the ecological opportunity of interaction is reflected in an increase in interaction associations between species and affect/change the organization of these interactive assemblages. From an epidemiological point of view, changes in the composition of parasitic species are associated with risks of invasions and emerging diseases. In part, emerging diseases are the result of processes such as those occurring during the flood pulse, in which climate change, travel, and global trade create opportunities for new species associations. Our results provide insight into the dynamics of incorporating a new resource, considering an evolutionary factor responsible for these changes in species composition.