Multidimensional analysis and detection of informative features in diffusion MRI measurements of human white matter

Abstract

The white matter contains long-range connections between different brain regions and the organization of these connections holds important implications for brain function in health and disease. Tractometry uses diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) data to quantify tissue properties (e.g. fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), etc.), along the trajectories of these connections [1]. Statistical inference from tractometry usually either (a) averages these quantities along the length of each bundle in each individual, or (b) performs analysis point-by-point along each bundle, with group comparisons or regression models computed separately for each point along every one of the bundles. These approaches are limited in their sensitivity, in the former case, or in their statistical power, in the latter. In the present work, we developed a method based on the sparse group lasso (SGL) [2] that takes into account tissue properties measured along all of the bundles, and selects informative features by enforcing sparsity, not only at the level of individual bundles, but also across the entire set of bundles and all of the measured tissue properties. The sparsity penalties for each of these constraints is identified using a nested cross-validation scheme that guards against over-fitting and simultaneously identifies the correct level of sparsity. We demonstrate the accuracy of the method in two settings: i) In a classification setting, patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are accurately distinguished from matched controls [3]. Furthermore, SGL automatically identifies FA in the corticospinal tract as important for this classification - correctly finding the parts of the white matter known to be affected by the disease. ii) In a regression setting, dMRI is used to accurately predict "brain age" [4, 5]. In this case, the weights are distributed throughout the white matter indicating that many different regions of the white matter change with development and contribute to the prediction of age. Thus, SGL makes it possible to leverage the multivariate relationship between diffusion properties measured along multiple bundles to make accurate predictions of subject characteristics while simultaneously discovering the most relevant features of the white matter for the characteristic of interest.