Biology subjects

van der Knaap, M. S.

Publications and source records attributed to van der Knaap, M. S..

5 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2025

Gene supplementation in Vanishing White Matter mice ameliorates the disease

Vanishing White Matter is a leukodystrophy associated with neurological decline, including motor deficits, and premature death. It is caused by mutations in the genes encoding the subunits of eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2B (eIF2B), leading to constitutive activation of the Integrated Stress Response, especially in astrocytes. Brain pathology shows immature and dysfunctional glia in the central nervous system. No curative treatment options are currently available for Vanishing White Matter patients. To investigate a gene therapy approach, we supplemented Eif2b5-mutant Vanishing White Matter mice with the wild-type Eif2b5 gene sequence. We tested lentiviral vectors with different promoters to target astrocytes or cells with heightened Integrated Stress Response activity. The regenerative effects of intracerebroventricular injection in neonates were tested in adulthood. Motor skills and pathology in the central nervous system were improved when wild-type Eif2b5 delivery was targeted towards astrocytes. No negative side-effects of overexpression were observed in any of the groups. In conclusion, gene supplementation in astrocytes is effective in alleviating disease severity, showing promise for gene therapy for Vanishing White Matter patients.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2025

Altered mechanical properties of astrocytes lacking MLC1; implications for the leukodystrophy MLC

Loss of function of the astrocyte protein MLC1 causes Megalencephalic Leukoencephalopathy with subcortical Cysts (MLC), a leukodystrophy characterized by white matter edema and slow neurological deterioration. MLC1 dysfunction leads to swelling of perivascular astrocyte endfeet and an impaired attachment of endfeet to blood vessels. In isolated primary astrocytes, loss of MLC1 hinders recovery of astrocytes from cell swelling, but the cellular function of MLC1 is not completely understood. MLC1 modulates gating of mechanosensitive ion channels involved in volume regulation. The cytoskeleton plays a crucial role in cell volume regulation, and interactions between the cytoskeleton and cell membrane affect the properties of mechanosensitive ion channels. Therefore, we investigated whether primary Mlc1-null mouse astrocytes show a disruption in their mechanical properties. We measured mechanical properties of cultured primary astrocytes with an indentation technique and demonstrated that Mlc1-null astrocytes are softer than wild-type astrocytes. Proteomic analysis confirmed dysregulation of several cytoskeleton-related pathways in Mlc1-null astrocytes. Confocal imaging revealed that organization of the actin cytoskeleton is unaffected. Instead, we observed alterations in focal adhesions, which aid in relaying mechanical forces between the cytoskeleton, cell membrane, and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Together, our findings reveal that the mechanical properties of Mlc1-null astrocytes are altered, and that disrupted cytoskeleton-membrane-ECM interactions potentially play a role in the disease. Modulators of astrocyte mechanobiology might therefore hold promise for MLC therapy development.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2024

Effect of seizures on the severity of myelin vacuolization in a mouse model of megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts

ObjectiveMegalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts (MLC) is a white matter disease characterized by myelin vacuolization and swollen perivascular astrocyte processes. Neuronal activity has been implicated as primary cause of myelin vacuolization and astrocyte swelling. Since acute and excessive increases in neuronal activity occur in MLC during seizures, we investigated whether seizure activity leads to the acute development of myelin vacuoles and swollen astrocyte processes. MethodsGlialcam-null mice (an established MLC mouse model) and wild-type mice received repeated i.p. low dose (5 mg / kg) kainic acid (KA) injections until severe seizures developed. Following a 60-minute period of severe seizure activity, mice were terminated and brains were fixed and processed. Brain tissue was analyzed for myelin vacuolization and astrocyte process thickness using H&E and GFAP stains, respectively. ResultsRepeated low-dose injections of KA resulted in prolonged severe seizure activity in mice of both genotypes. Total amount of seizure activity was comparable between Glialcam-null and wild-type mice. KA-induced severe seizure activity did not significantly increase myelin vacuolization in either Glialcam-null or wild-type mice. The width of perivascular astrocyte processes was also not affected by severe seizure activity. InterpretationWe show that (i) repeatedly injecting a low dose of KA provides the opportunity to regulate seizure development and generate severe seizures in both wild-type and seizure-sensitive Glialcam-null mice, and that (ii) the two major pathological features of MLC, myelin vacuolization and swollen astrocyte endfeet, are not acutely aggravated in response to KA-induced severe seizure activity.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2019

Heterozygous variants in the mechanosensitive ion channel TMEM63A result in transient hypomyelination during infancy

Mechanically activated (MA) ion channels convert physical forces into electrical signals. Despite the importance of this function, the involvement of mechanosensitive ion channels in human disease is poorly understood. Here we report heterozygous missense mutations in the gene encoding the MA ion channel TMEM63A that result in an infantile disorder resembling a hypomyelinating leukodystrophy. Four unrelated individuals presented with congenital nystagmus, motor delay, and deficient myelination on serial scans in infancy, prompting the diagnosis of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher (like) disease. Genomic sequencing revealed all four individuals carry heterozygous missense variants in the pore-forming domain of TMEM63A. These variants were confirmed to have arisen de novo in three of the four individuals. While the physiological role of TMEM63A is incompletely understood, it is highly expressed in oligodendrocytes and it has recently been shown to be a mechanically activated (MA) ion channel. Using patch clamp electrophysiology, we demonstrated that each of the modelled variants results in strongly attenuated stretch-activated currents when expressed in naive cells. Unexpectedly, the clinical evolution of all four individuals has been surprisingly favorable, with substantial improvements in neurological signs and developmental progression. In the three individuals with follow-up scans after four years of age, the myelin deficit had almost completely resolved. Our results suggest a previously unappreciated role for mechanosensitive ion channels in myelin development.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2018

Integrated Stress Response Deregulation underlies Vanishing White Matter and is a target for therapy

Vanishing white matter (VWM) is a fatal, stress-sensitive leukodystrophy that mainly affects children and is currently without treatment. VWM is caused by recessive mutations in eukaryotic initiation factor 2B (eIF2B) that is crucial for initiation of mRNA translation and its regulation under stress conditions. Mice with bi-allelic missense mutations in eIF2B recapitulate human VWM. VWM pathomechanisms are unclear. Using polysomal profiling to screen for mRNAs with altered translation we observed most prominent changes in expression of integrated stress response (ISR) mRNAs in brains of mutant compared to wild-type mice; expression levels correlated with disease severity. We substantiated these findings in VWM patients brains. ISRIB, an ISR inhibitor, normalized expression of mRNA markers, ameliorated white matter pathology and improved motor skills in VWM mice, thus showing that the ISR is central in VWM pathomechanisms and a viable target for therapy.\n\nOne Sentence SummaryISRIB ameliorates ISR deregulation and clinical signs in VWM mice

neuroscience↗