Biology subjects

fadda, e.

Publications and source records attributed to fadda, e..

3 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2025

Glycolipid recognition and binding by Siglec-6 hinges on interactions with the cell membrane

Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins (Siglecs) regulate immune response through interactions with sialylated glycans on glycoproteins and glycolipids. Human Siglecs count 14 unique proteins and in all of those the recognition and binding of the sialic acid on the glycan target involves a conserved, or canonical, Arg residue. For a subset of human Siglecs, namely MAG, Siglec-6, and Siglec-11, this Arg appears not to be essential, suggesting that a different binding mechanism may be at play. In this work, we used all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, binding assays, and mutagenesis to investigate the structural, mechanistic and energetic details of the binding of Siglec-6 to monosialylated gangliosides. Our results show that Siglec-6 relies only partially on its conserved Arg122 for recognition of membrane-bound gangliosides and that it supplements its binding free energy through interactions with the phospholipids in the membrane surrounding the target epitope. We confirmed by mutagenesis assays that the loss of the key residues (Lys 126 and Trp 127) for membrane interaction abrogates binding. These results provide a step-change in our understanding of the diversification of human Siglecs as molecular precision tools to bind specific sialosides by adapting their structure to the biological environment where these are found.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2023

GotGlycans: Role of N343 Glycosylation on the SARS-CoV-2 S RBD Structure and Co-Receptor Binding Across Variants of Concern

Glycosylation of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein represents a key target for viral evolution because it affects both viral evasion and fitness. Successful variations in the glycan shield are difficult to achieve though, as protein glycosylation is also critical to folding and to structural stability. Within this framework, the identification of glycosylation sites that are structurally dispensable can provide insight into the evolutionary mechanisms of the shield and inform immune surveillance. In this work we show through over 45 s of cumulative sampling from conventional and enhanced molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, how the structure of the immunodominant S receptor binding domain (RBD) is regulated by N-glycosylation at N343 and how this glycans structural role changes from WHu-1, alpha (B.1.1.7), and beta (B.1.351), to the delta (B.1.617.2) and omicron (BA.1 and BA.2.86) variants. More specifically, we find that the amphipathic nature of the N-glycan is instrumental to preserve the structural integrity of the RBD hydrophobic core and that loss of glycosylation at N343 triggers a specific and consistent conformational change. We show how this change allosterically regulates the conformation of the receptor binding motif (RBM) in the WHu-1, alpha and beta RBDs, but not in the delta and omicron variants, due to mutations that reinforce the RBD architecture. In support of these findings, we show that the binding of the RBD to monosialylated ganglioside co-receptors is highly dependent on N343 glycosylation in the WHu-1, but not in the delta RBD, and that affinity changes significantly across VoCs. Ultimately, the molecular and functional insight we provide in this work reinforces our understanding of the role of glycosylation in protein structure and function and it also allows us to identify the structural constraints within which the glycosylation site at N343 can become a hotspot for mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 S glycan shield.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2021

The oligomannose N-glycans 3D architecture and its response to the FcγRIIIa structural landscape

Oligomannoses are evolutionarily the oldest class of N-glycans, where the arms of the common pentasaccharide unit, i.e. Man 1-6)-[Man(1-3)]-Man{beta}(1-4)-GlcNAc{beta}(1-4)-GlcNAc{beta}1-Asn, are functionalized exclusively with branched arrangements of mannose (Man) monosaccharide units. In mammalian species oligomannose N-glycans can have up to 9 Man, meanwhile structures can grow to over 200 units in yeast mannan. The highly dynamic nature, branching complexity and 3D structure of oligomannoses have been recently highlighted for their roles in immune escape and infectivity of enveloped viruses, such as HIV-1 and SARS-CoV2. The architectural features that allow these N-glycans to perform their functions is yet unclear, due to their intrinsically disordered nature that hinders their structural characterization. In this work we will discuss the results of over 54 {micro}s of cumulative sampling by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of differently processed, free (not protein-linked) oligomannose N-glycans common in vertebrates. We then discuss the effects of a protein surface on their structural equilibria based on over 4 {micro}s cumulative MD sampling of the fully glycosylated CD16a Fc gamma receptor (Fc{gamma}RIIIa), where the type of glycosylation is known to modulate its binding affinity for IgG1s, regulating the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Our results show that the proteins structural constraints shift the oligomannoses conformational ensemble to promote conformers that satisfy the steric requirements and hydrogen bonding networks demanded by the proteins surface landscape. More importantly, we find that the protein does not actively distort the N-glycans into structures not populated in the unlinked forms in solution. Ultimately, the highly populated conformations of the Man5 linked glycans support experimental evidence of high levels of hybrid complex forms at N45 and show a specific presentation of the arms at N162, which may be involved in mediating binding affinity to the IgG1 Fc.

biophysics↗