AMPK-p38 axis converts human pluripotent stem cells to naïve state
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have been reported to exhibit two stages of pluripotency, primed and naive states. Typical human PSCs (hPSCs) are in the primed state. Though several methods for conversion from primed to naive state have been reported, the mechanism of the process is not fully understood. Here, we report that 5 adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and its downstream p38 is a signaling axis that can induce the naive conversion of hPSCs with single pathway activation. The simple addition of an AMPK activator, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-{beta}-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR), or overexpression of a constitutive active form of p38 (CA-p38) alone in primed hPSCs induced naive hPSCs that satisfied naive state criteria: differentiation ability to three germ layers and naive state-specific transcriptional expression, epigenomic resetting, and mitochondrial activity. RNA-seq analysis demonstrated that our AICAR- or CA-p38-induced naive hPSCs show closely similar gene expression patterns to naive state human embryonic stem cells (HNES1) derived from human inner cell mass (ICM). This novel and simple naive conversion method provides new avenues for understanding and elucidating the fundamental mechanism of naive conversion.