Increased glutaminolytic flux and activation of mitochondrial metabolism by BCL2 hyperactivity in lymphoma
B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) is an important apoptosis regulator during developmental and pathological states, and its overexpression is a key feature of several malignancies. Genomic data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) reveals significant somatic copy number amplification, overexpression, and/or elevated protein activity of BCL2 in 50 % of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBC) patients. While its canonical role in mitochondria-directed apoptosis is well established, the effect of BCL2 on transcriptional and metabolic networks remains elusive. Using an established lymphocytic pro-B-cell line overexpressing BCL2, we identified dysregulated transcriptional and metabolic networks by transcriptomic profiling arrays. Elevated BCL2 levels affect transcription factor complexes and mitogenic programs of NF-{kappa}B/REL, HIF1A/ARNT, AP1, E2F, and STAT factors. Using stable isotope-assisted metabolic flux measurements we quantify that elevated BCL2 expression increases carbon utilization boosting cellular proliferation. Tumorigenic overexpression of BCL2 significantly increases glycolytic flux, glutaminolysis, and anaplerotic flux into the TCA cycle. At the same time, the mitochondrial acetyl-CoA pool is separated from the glycolytic one by inactivating the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex via transcriptional regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK3). As compensatory fuel, mitochondrial TCA cycle metabolism is supported by asparagine synthase (ASNS) and oxidative glutaminolysis creating targets for small molecule inhibition of glutaminase. Lymphoma cells overexpressing BCL2 contained more mitochondrial mass and were more sensitive to L-glutamine deprivation and glutaminase inhibition. Cells overexpressing a mutant BCL2 G145E, which is incapable of binding BH domain members, failed to increase proliferation, glycolysis, or glutaminolysis. Taken together, the oncogene BCL2 has the ability to ramp up a metabolic phenotype supporting proliferation independent of its anti-apoptotic role. The cellular model of BCL2 activation supports NF-KB-positive subtypes of DLBC and identifies metabolic bottlenecks with dependency on anaplerotic flux as an actionable BCL2 effector network in cancer.