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Yao, F.

Publications and source records attributed to Yao, F..

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
bioRxiv2026

Arsenic Impairs Critical Cellular Events of Human Cardiac Development Across Differentiation and Metabolic Maturation

Arsenic (As) is a widespread environmental contaminant, with exposure occurring primarily through contaminated food and water or cigarette smoke. Maternal exposure to As represents a significant risk factor for congenital heart disease in offspring. However, the mechanisms underlying As induced developmental cardiotoxicity remain poorly defined. Pluripotent stem cells provide an excellent platform for studying mechanisms of developmental toxicity. Embryoid bodies (EBs) derived from stem cells, can recapitulate many key events of early embryogenesis including germ layers specification. Human cardiomyocytes are derived from mesodermal progenitors. NKX2.5 governs cardiac specification and morphogenesis, and its mutation produces atrial and ventricular defects in humans. Using an NKX2.5 reporter stem cell line, we modeled mesoderm differentiation in EBs and cardiac induction in a 2D cardiomyocyte differentiation system. In an 8 day differentiation protocol, As (0.05 M; 3.75 ppb) significantly suppressed cardiomyocyte differentiation and cardiac induction. However, As increased mesodermal markers (HAND1, SNAI2, HOPX) gene expression. In contrast, cardiac specific genes, including NKX2.5, GATA4, Troponin T, and alpha actinin, were markedly downregulated in the presence of As. As also reduced expression of genes related to cardiac induction, fibroblast function, and vascular markers in the cardiac organoid model. As impaired cardiomyocyte maturation related gene expressions at concentrations without affecting cardiomyocyte proliferation. In a zebrafish model of early heart development, As increased heart rate and disrupted ion channel gene expression. In conclusion, As inhibits ESC differentiation into cardiomyocytes and disrupts cardiomyocyte maturation. Combining stem cell derived models with zebrafish exposure, this study illuminates adverse outcome pathways for As induced congenital heart defect.

pharmacology and toxicology↗
bioRxiv2026

Engineering Dual-Target Chimeric Lysins for Synergistic Eradication of Porphyromonas gingivalis

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease driven by complex subgingival multispecies biofilms, in which Porphyromonas gingivalis plays a central role in coordinating microbial interactions. Together with host-associated factors, these microbial communities create dual constraints that limit antimicrobial efficacy. In this study, we engineered a library of recombinant lysins by fusing membrane-destabilizing peptides to the periodontal pathogen-derived lysin LysPd078 and identified four optimized variants (PlyPd06, PlyPd19, PlyPd27, and PlyPd44) with enhanced salt tolerance, environmental stability, and bactericidal activity. In a clinically derived polymicrobial oral biofilm, PlyPd44 at only 25 g/mL eradicated 96.6% of P. gingivalis. In a humanized oral microbiota mouse model of periodontitis, selected PlyPds significantly reduced inflammation and inhibited alveolar bone loss compared with LysPd078 and minocycline. Collectively, these results establish membrane-destabilizing peptide-enabled lysins as a promising platform for developing microenvironment-adapted precision antimicrobials for periodontitis.

microbiology↗
bioRxiv2026

Structure-based similarity network accelerates the discovery of lysins as oral microbiome modulators targeting periodontal pathogens

Microorganisms significantly influence human health, and dysbiosis of the oral microbiome plays a critical role in the development and progression of both oral and systemic diseases. This highlights the urgent need for novel therapeutics targeting specific pathogens. Here, we presented a structure-based pipeline to efficiently identify potential phage-derived periodontal lysins (LysPds) from nearly one million proteins. We predicted the structures of candidate lysins using AlphaFold2 and developed an innovative structure-based similarity network to classify them into distinct clusters, each with unique functional properties. A systematic characterization of 16 representative LysPds from 11 superfamilies revealed that over 90% demonstrated potent antibacterial activity against key periodontal pathogens. Among these, LysPd078 was identified as a promising preclinical drug candidate, effectively reconfiguring microbiome communities while demonstrating significant efficacy and safety in mouse models of periodontitis and calvarial infection. Our findings highlight the effectiveness of structure-based similarity networks in exploring vast protein spaces and underscore the potential of LysPd078 as a targeted modulating agent for the oral microbiome.

microbiology↗
bioRxiv2026

Reactivation during sleep segregates the neural representations of episodic memories

Sleep involves the reactivation of recently acquired memories, thereby shaping the neural representations supporting them. An essential feature of episodic memory (i.e., memory for events) is the link between specific elements (e.g., a cake) and the context in which they were embedded (e.g., a birthday party). We investigated how reactivation during sleep impacts item-context binding. Participants (N = 22) formed stories linking together objects in unique contexts. Using functional MRI, we measured the overlap between neural representations for contextually linked objects. During a 90-min nap, some object memories were reactivated by unobtrusively presenting object-specific sounds. Across multiple brain regions, reactivation reduced the overlap between representations of contextually linked memories, promoting object specificity. Furthermore, reactivation reduced the representational overlap between contexts, thereby promoting context specificity. Taken together, data suggest that reactivation during sleep decontextualizes memories. These results inform our understanding of how sleep contributes to interlinked memories embedded in naturalistic contexts and demonstrate that memory reactivation during sleep changes representations of memories within their distinctive contexts.

neuroscience↗
bioRxiv2026

Adaptive evolution to thermal stress underpins climate resilience in a cosmopolitan arthropod

Adaptive evolution enables species to survive and thrive under changing environmental conditions. In the face of accelerating global climate change, thermal stress represents a major challenge to the persistence of terrestrial arthropods. Understanding the genetic mechanisms underlying thermal adaptation is therefore critical for predicting species evolutionary potential and future success. Here, we combine experimental evolution, phenotypic assays, and multi-omics analyses to investigate the adaptive responses of the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), a globally destructive pest of cruciferous crops, to contrasting thermal environments. Populations evolved under hot (32{degrees}C/27{degrees}C) and cold (15{degrees}C/10{degrees}C) regimes exhibited distinct life history and fitness traits relative to those maintained under favorable conditions (26{degrees}C). The hot strain showed accelerated development, higher fecundity, and increased survival under extreme heat, while the cold strain exhibited lower supercooling and freezing points, indicating enhanced cold hardiness. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed extensive transcriptional reprogramming and convergent metabolic adjustments, notably a reduction in lipid metabolism to conserve energy under thermal stress. Crucially, non-synonymous mutations in PxSODC enhance superoxide scavenging efficiency, enabling effective oxidative stress management at lower gene expression levels. Furthermore, we identified epigenetic regulation via DNA methylation as a key mediator of this thermal tolerance. Together, these coordinated mutational, epigenetic, and metabolic insights highlight this arthropods capacity for global dispersal and likely persistence under climate change, establishing a framework for understanding equivalent effects in other species.

evolutionary biology↗
bioRxiv2025

MERFISH+, a large-scale, multi-omics spatial technology resolves the molecular holograms of the 3D human developing heart

Hybridization-based spatial transcriptomics technologies have advanced our ability to map cellular and subcellular organization in complex tissues. However, existing methods remain constrained in gene coverage, multimodal compatibility, and scalability. Here, we present MERFISH+, an enhanced version of Multiplexed Error-Robust Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (MERFISH), which integrates chemical probe anchoring in protective hydrogels with high-throughput microfluidics and microscopy. This optimized design supports robust and repeated hybridization cycles across an entire centimeter-scale tissue sample. MERFISH+ allowed to simultaneously quantify over 1,800 genes and resolve the 3D organization of chromatin loci and their associated epigenomic marks in developing human hearts. Using a generative integration framework for spatial multimodal data (Spateo-VI), we harmonized these MERFISH+ transcriptomic and chromatin data to reconstruct a 3D spatially-resolved multi-omic atlas of the developing human heart at subcellular resolution capturing 3.1 million cells across 34 distinct populations. This 3D atlas provides a holistic view of an entire organ enabling the characterization of 3D cellular neighborhoods and transcriptional gradients of substructures such as the descending arteries. Thus, MERFISH+ offers a robust, large-format platform for spatial multi-omics that enables high resolution mapping of gene expression at subcellular resolution and the characterization of cellular organization within 3D organs. One Sentence SummaryMERFISH+ is an spatial multi-omics platform that integrates hydrogel-based probe anchoring, automated high-throughput microfluidics, and large-format multimodal data production to enable comprehensive, subcellular resolution mapping of gene expression and chromatin organization across millions of cells within complex developing human organs. HighlightsO_LIMERFISH+ expands MERFISH capabilities to measure >1,800 genes and at whole-organ 3D imaging scale C_LIO_LICombines chemical probe anchoring with high-throughput volumetric microscopy and microfluidics C_LIO_LIGenerates a 3D molecular atlas of a developing human heart with > 3.1 million cells at subcellular resolution C_LIO_LIIntroduces Spateo-VI, a novel generative framework integrating 3D multimodal datasets C_LI

genomics↗
bioRxiv2025

Molecular Architecture and Function Mechanism of Tri-heteromeric GluN1-N2-N3A NMDA Receptors

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) play a pivotal role in brain development and synaptic function. Previous studies have focused on GluN1-N2 (2A-2D) and GluN1- N3 (3A and 3B) di-heteromeric (di-) NMDARs, leaving the activation mechanism and stoichiometry of GluN1-N2-N3 tri-heteromeric (tri-) NMDARs largely unexplored. In this study, we employed a two-step affinity-tagged chromatography approach to purify recombinantly expressed GluN1-N2A-N3A tri-NMDARs and determined their cryo-EM structure. Based on the proteoliposome single-channel recording, we discovered GluN1-N2A-N3A can be activated upon co-binding of glycine and glutamate, exhibiting two distinct conductance levels. Furthermore, leveraging structural-based click- chemistry, we introduced photo-crosslinker p-azido-phenylalanine (AzF) into the N- terminal domain of GluN2A and GluN2B, enabling the crosslinking with GluN3A subunit both in vitro and in vivo. These findings provide molecular insights into the subunit arrangement, native architecture and activation mechanism of GluN1-N2-N3A tri- NMDARs and also highlight the complexity of NMDAR assembly and function in the brain.

neuroscience↗
bioRxiv2025

A Complete Telomere-to-Telomere Diploid Reference Genome for Indian Population

Human reference genomes have been instrumental in advancing genomic and biomedical research, but South and Southeast Asian populations are underrepresented, despite accounting for a large proportion of world population. As a part of effort on generating reference genomes for these populations, we present the first gapless, telomere-to-telomere (T2T) diploid genome assembly created by using a trio sample set of Indian ancestry (I002C), with NG50 of 154.89 Mb and 146.27 Mb for the maternal and paternal haplotypes, including the fully assembled rDNA array for the maternal chromosome 21 and Y chromosome. With the Merqury QVs of 82.05, 83.08 and 82.64 for the maternal, paternal and haploid assemblies respectively, I002C represents the highest-quality human genome assembled in both diploid and haploid forms to date. Compared to CHM13, the I002C genome displays substantial sequence diversity, resulting in 14,943 structural variants, including 3,236 novel variants absent from public databases. Analysis of trio-phased haplotypes further revealed elevated inter-haplotype divergence within centromeric and subtelomeric regions, along with identification of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) as candidates for novel imprinting loci. As a result of substantial SVs between them, I002C is a more suitable reference than CHM13 for the genomic analysis of South Asian samples with less reference bias and better performance in mapping and variant calling, particularly for long read sequencing data. As the first high-quality T2T diploid reference genome for Indian, the largest worlds population, I002C contributes to the growing set of population-specific reference genomes and helps to overcome a significant gap in human genome diversity.

genomics↗
bioRxiv2025

Efficacy of DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitor Immune Priming Therapy in Combination with PD-1 Inhibitors to Treat High-Risk Pediatric Brain Tumors

BackgroundDespite intensive therapies, outcomes for high-risk pediatric brain tumors (PBTs) remain dismal, prompting the search for novel treatments. DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTi) have been shown to prime tumors to improve response to checkpoint inhibition. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of decitabine (DAC), in combination with a PD-1 inhibitor, to improve survival in pediatric high-risk brain tumor models. MethodsAnalysis of human PBT datasets was performed to determine gene expression levels of immune cell associated markers. Tumor response to DAC, with or without a PD-1 inhibitor, was tested in murine models representing H3-wildtype diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), H3K27-mutant diffuse midline glioma (DMG), atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT), and medulloblastoma (MB). CyTOF analysis of allograft tumors was performed to characterize changes within the tumor microenvironment. ResultsAnalysis of PBT subtypes revealed heterogeneous expression of immune cell markers, checkpoint receptors, and MHC molecules. DAC treatment decreased DNA methylation and increased neoantigen expression in human and mouse tumor cells. DAC alone or in combination with a PD-1 inhibitor resulted in prolonged survival in syngeneic mouse models of DIPG and ATRT but not DMG and MB models. CyTOF analysis of mouse tumors revealed changes in local immune cell infiltration upon combination treatment. ConclusionsDAC in combination with a PD-1 inhibitor can alter the immune microenvironment in mouse tumor models. Changes were observed in H3-wildtype DIPG and ATRT models, suggesting that certain tumor subtypes may respond to checkpoint blockade after immune augmentation with DNMTi. Key PointsO_LIPBTs show heterogenous expression of immune cell infiltrates C_LIO_LIDAC or DAC plus a PD-1 inhibitor shows extension of survival in H3-wildtype DIPG and ATRT mouse models C_LIO_LIMyeloid-derived suppressor cell abundance could be a major contributing factor to treatment response C_LI Importance of the StudyChildren with high-risk PBTs face dismal outcomes. Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) successes have been demonstrated in a variety of adult malignancies; however, such beneficial outcomes have not been realized in PBTs. Here we investigate single and combination treatment of DNMTi and PD-1 checkpoint inhibition in syngeneic mouse models of high-risk PBTs. Our results suggest that some H3-wildtype DIPG and ATRT tumor types may be responsive to checkpoint therapy post immunomodulation and warrant further investigation.

immunology↗
bioRxiv2024

Dimer-monomer transition defines a novel hyper-thermostable peptidoglycan hydrolase mined from bacterial proteome

Phage-derived peptidoglycan hydrolases (i.e., lysins) are considered promising alternatives to conventional antibiotics due to their direct peptidoglycan degradation activity and low risk of resistance development. The discovery of these enzymes is often hampered by the limited availability of phage genomes. Herein, we report a new strategy to mine active peptidoglycan hydrolases from bacterial proteomes by lysin-derived antimicrobial peptide-primed screening. As a proof-of-concept, five peptidoglycan hydrolases from the Acinetobacter baumannii proteome (PHAb7-PHAb11) were identified using PlyF307 lysin-derived peptide as a template. Among them, PHAb10 and PHAb11 showed potent bactericidal activity against multiple pathogens even after treatment at 100{degrees}C for 1 hour, while the other three were thermosensitive. We solved the crystal structures of PHAb8, PHAb10, and PHAb11 and unveiled that hyper-thermostable PHAb10 underwent a unique folding-refolding thermodynamic scheme mediated by a dimer-monomer transition, while thermosensitive PHAb8 formed a monomer. Two mouse models of bacterial infection further demonstrated the safety and efficacy of PHAb10. In conclusion, our antimicrobial peptide-primed strategy provides new clues for the discovery of promising antimicrobial drugs.

biochemistry↗
bioRxiv2024

A Germinal Center Checkpoint of AIRE in B Cells LimitsAntibody Diversification

In response to antigens, B cells undergo antibody diversification, including affinity maturation and class switching, mediated by activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) in secondary lymphoid organs, but uncontrolled AID activity can precipitate autoimmunity and cancer. The regulation of antibody diversification is of fundamental importance, though the mechanisms underlying these pathways are not well understood. We found that autoimmune regulator (AIRE), the molecule essential for T cell tolerance, is expressed in germinal center (GC) B cells in a CD40-dependent manner, interacts with AID and negatively regulates antibody affinity maturation and class switching by inhibiting AID function. AIRE deficiency in B cells caused altered antibody repertoire, increased somatic hypermutations, elevated autoantibodies to T helper 17 effector cytokines and defective control of skin Candida albicans. These results define a GC B cell checkpoint of humoral immunity and illuminate new approaches of generating high-affinity neutralizing antibodies for immunotherapy.

immunology↗
bioRxiv2023

LIFR recruits HGF-producing neutrophils to promote liver injury repair and regeneration

The molecular links between tissue repair and tumorigenesis remain elusive. Here, we report that loss of the liver tumor suppressor Lifr in mouse hepatocytes impairs the recruitment and activity of reparative neutrophils, resulting in the inhibition of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy or toxic injuries. On the other hand, overexpression of LIFR promotes liver repair and regeneration after injury. Interestingly, LIFR deficiency or overexpression does not affect hepatocyte proliferation ex vivo or in vitro. In response to physical or chemical damage to the liver, LIFR from hepatocytes promotes the secretion of the neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL1 (which binds CXCR2 to recruit neutrophils) and cholesterol in a STAT3-dependent manner. Cholesterol, in turn, acts on the recruited neutrophils to secrete hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) to accelerate hepatocyte proliferation and regeneration. Altogether, our findings reveal a LIFR-STAT3- CXCL1-CXCR2 axis and a LIFR-STAT3-cholesterol-HGF axis that mediate hepatic damage- induced crosstalk between hepatocytes and neutrophils to repair and regenerate the liver.

cell biology↗
bioRxiv2023

Systematic assessment of the contribution of structural variants to inherited retinal diseases

Despite increasing success in determining genetic diagnosis for patients with inherited retinal diseases (IRDs), mutations in about 30% of the IRD cases remain unclear or unsettled after targeted gene panel or whole exome sequencing. In this study, we aimed to investigate the contributions of structural variants (SVs) to settling the molecular diagnosis of IRD with whole-genome sequencing (WGS). A cohort of 755 IRD patients whose pathogenic mutations remain undefined was subjected to WGS. Four SV calling algorithms including include MANTA, DELLY, LUMPY, and CNVnator were used to detect SVs throughout the genome. All SVs identified by any one of these four algorithms were included for further analysis. AnnotSV was used to annotate these SVs. SVs that overlap with known IRD-associated genes were examined with sequencing coverage, junction reads, and discordant read pairs. PCR followed by Sanger sequencing was used to further confirm the SVs and identify the breakpoints. Segregation of the candidate pathogenic alleles with the disease was performed when possible. In total, sixteen candidate pathogenic SVs were identified in sixteen families, including deletions and inversions, representing 2.1% of patients with previously unsolved IRDs. Autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked inheritance of disease-causing SVs were observed in 12 different genes. Among these, SVs in CLN3, EYS, PRPF31 were found in multiple families. Our study suggests that the contribution of SVs detected by short-read WGS is about 0.25% of our IRD patient cohort and is significantly lower than that of single nucleotide changes and small insertions and deletions.

genetics↗
bioRxiv2022

Distinct structure and gating mechanism in diverse NMDA receptors with GluN2C and GluN2D subunits

N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptors are essential for many brain functions. These receptors are heterotetramers typically comprising two GluN1 subunits and two GluN2 subunits. The latter could alternate among four subtypes (N2A-N2D) and determine the functional diversity of NMDA receptors1, 2. For example, receptors containing N2C or N2D exhibit 50-fold lower channel open probability (Po) than those containing N2A (ref.3-5). Structures of N2A- and N2B-containing receptors have been extensively characterized, providing molecular basis for understanding NMDA receptor function6-14. Here we report the cryo-EM structures of N1-N2D and N1-N2C di-heterotetramers (di-receptors), and N1-N2A-N2C tri-heterotetramer (tri-receptor) at a resolution up to 3.0 [A]. Structural analysis showed that the bilobate N-terminal domain (NTD) in N2D adopted an intrinsic closed conformation, leading to a compact NTD tetramer in N1-N2D receptor. Functional studies further demonstrated that, in di-receptors containing N2D but not N2A or N2B, crosslinking NTD at the tetrameric interface had no effect on channel activity, while crosslinking ligand-binding domain (LBD) of two N1 protomers significantly elevated Po. Surprisingly, we found that the N1-N2C di-receptors spontaneously oscillated between symmetric and asymmetric conformation. The later one occupied a predominant population, whereby two N2C protomers exhibited distinct conformation. This asymmetry, which was also found to a lesser extent in N1-N2A di-receptor10, was further locked by the binding of an N2C-specific allosteric potentiator PYD-106 to a unique binding pocket between NTD and LBD in only one N2C protomer. Finally, N2A and N2C in the N1-N2A-N2C tri-receptor displayed the conformation close to that found in one protomer of N1-N2A and N1-N2C di-receptors, respectively. These findings provide a comprehensive structural understanding of diverse functional properties of major NMDA receptor subtypes.

neuroscience↗
bioRxiv2022

Generation of functional posterior spinal motor neurons from hPSCs-derived human spinal cord neural progenitor cells

Spinal motor neurons deficiency results in a series of devastating disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and spinal cord injury (SCI). These disorders are currently incurable, while human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs)-derived spinal motor neurons are promising but suffered from low-efficiency, functional immaturity and lacks of posterior cellular identity. In this study, we have established human spinal cord neural progenitor cells (hSCNPCs) via hPSCs differentiated neuromesodermal progenitors (NMPs) and demonstrated the hSCNPCs can be continuously expanded up to 40 passages. hSCNPCs can be rapidly differentiated into posterior spinal motor neurons with high efficiency. The functional maturity has been examined in detail. Moreover, a co-culture scheme which is compatible for both neural and muscular differentiation is developed to mimic the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) formation in vitro. Together, these studies highlight the potential avenues for generating clinically relevant spinal motor neurons and modeling neuromuscular diseases through our defined hSCNPCs.

cell biology↗
bioRxiv2021

Analysis of rhizosphere bacterial diversity of Angelica dahurica var. formosana based on different experimental sites and varieties (strains)

Only with good producing areas and good germplasm can good medicinal materials be produced. In this study, in order to explore the effects of soil environment and germplasm on yield and quality of Angelica dahurica var. formosana from microorganism level, Illumina MiSeq was used to study the rhizosphere bacterial diversity of A. dahurica var. formosana based on different origin and varieties (strains). The results showed that the bacterial community of A. dahurica var. formosana was stable and conserved to a certain extent, and the bacteria of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes might play an important role in improving the yield and quality of A. dahurica var. formosana. Soil variables were the key factors affecting the rhizosphere bacterial community composition of A. dahurica var. formosana. These results are of great significance for further understanding the growth promotion mechanism of beneficial rhizosphere bacteria, reducing fertilizer application, expanding planting area, improving soil environment, and improving yield and quality. ImportanceRhizosphere microorganisms play an important role in plant growth and accumulation of secondary metabolites. In this study, it was found for the first time that the rhizosphere bacterial community of A. dahurica var. formosana was relatively stable and conserved which could adapt to different environmental changes and resist the interference of external factors to a certain extent, providing a theoretical basis for distant planting and promotion of planting. The bacterial taxa of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes might play an important role in improving the yield and quality of A. dahurica var. formosana. This provided a theoretical basis for the exploitation and utilization of rhizosphere microbial resources of A. dahurica var. formosana to artificially control the soil environment and provided a new idea for increasing yield and quality of A. dahurica var. formosana.

microbiology↗
bioRxiv2021

A systematic benchmark of Nanopore long read RNA sequencing for transcript level analysis in human cell lines

The human genome contains more than 200,000 gene isoforms. However, different isoforms can be highly similar, and with an average length of 1.5kb remain difficult to study with short read sequencing. To systematically evaluate the ability to study the transcriptome at a resolution of individual isoforms we profiled 5 human cell lines with short read cDNA sequencing and Nanopore long read direct RNA, amplification-free direct cDNA, PCR-cDNA sequencing. The long read protocols showed a high level of consistency, with amplification-free RNA and cDNA sequencing being most similar. While short and long reads generated comparable gene expression estimates, they differed substantially for individual isoforms. We find that increased read length improves read-to-transcript assignment, identifies interactions between alternative promoters and splicing, enables the discovery of novel transcripts from repetitive regions, facilitates the quantification of full-length fusion isoforms and enables the simultaneous profiling of m6A RNA modifications when RNA is sequenced directly. Our study demonstrates the advantage of long read RNA sequencing and provides a comprehensive resource that will enable the development and benchmarking of computational methods for profiling complex transcriptional events at isoform-level resolution.

genomics↗