Biology subjects

Yamauchi, T.

Publications and source records attributed to Yamauchi, T..

22 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

bioRxiv2019

Novel method to determine diagnosis-defining refraction points

Diagnosis of a certain disease generally relies on definitions established by professional medical societies and comprise the patients history, physical examination, and test results. These include physical compositions such as body mass index (BMI), and laboratory tests such as serum creatinine and albumin in urine samples. In general, laboratory tests are based on mathematical methods, e.g. defining critical values from the mean {+/-} k{sigma} of a population, where k is a natural number and the standard deviation is {sigma} (\"mean {+/-} k{sigma}-method\"). In most cases k is defined as 2, leading to reference ranges defining 95% of test results as normal. However, this method mostly depends on a normal distribution of values.\n\nHere we applied a novel method (\"SoFR-method\") based on data sorting to define refraction points, which carry informative value as diagnostic criteria. Applying the SoFR-method, standard measures such as critical BMI-values are categorized by equal robustness as by the mean {+/-} k{sigma}-method. However, the SoFR-method showed higher validity when analyzing non-normalized values such as creatinine and albumin, as well as hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and hemoglobin in a novel Perioscreen assay in saliva of diabetic and non-diabetic patients.\n\nTaken together, we defined a novel method based on data sorting of test results from patients to effectively define refraction points which might guide more accurately clinical diagnoses and define relevant thresholds.

epidemiology↗

bioRxiv2018

A transgenic mutant mouse line accompanied by the complete deletion of interleukin-33 showed insulin and leptin resistances

Interleukin (IL) -33 has been identified as a member of the IL-1 family. Members of the IL-1 family have been reported to be involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis and glucose metabolism. Homozygous transgenic mutant mice of FLP14 line, that we previously generated, unexpectedly developed mature-onset obesity and diabetes. Through genetic investigations, we found that insertion of the transgenes had resulted in complete deletion of the Il33 gene. These obese male homozygous mutant mice exhibited hyperphagia with hyperleptinemia and insulin resistance caused by increased hepatic gluconeogenesis and decreased glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. As a result of examining preobese male homozygous mutant mice to investigate with the exclusion of the effect of obesity, hyperphagia with hyperleptinemina and insulin resistance caused by decreased glucose uptake in skeletal muscle were already observed, but the increased hepatic glucose production was not. To investigate whether the insulin resistance was caused by deletion of the Il33 gene, we treated these preobese homozygous mutant mice with recombinant IL-33 protein and noted a significant improvement in insulin resistance. Thus, insulin resistance in these homozygous mutant mice was caused, at least in part, by IL-33 deficiency, suggesting a favorable role of IL-33 for glucose metabolism in the skeletal muscle.

molecular biology↗

bioRxiv2018

Fission yeast cells overproducing HSET/KIFC1 provides a useful tool for identification and evaluation of human kinesin-14 inhibitors

Many cancer cells contain more than two centrosomes, yet these cancer cells can form bipolar spindles and appear to proliferate normally, instead of committing lethal mitoses with multipolar spindles. It is shown that extra centrosomes are clustered into two pseudo-bipolar spindle poles, thereby escaping from multipolarity. Human kinesin-14 (HSET or KIFC1), a minus end-directed motor, plays a crucial role in centrosome clustering and as such, HSET is essential for cell viability only in cancer cells with supernumerary centrosomes, but not in non-transformed cells. Accordingly, HSET is deemed to be an efficient chemotherapeutic target to selectively kill cancer cells. Recently, three HSET inhibitors (AZ82, CW069 and SR31527) have been reported, but their specificity, efficacy and off-target cytotoxicity have not been evaluated rigorously. Here we show that these inhibitors on their own are cytotoxic to fission yeast, suggesting that they have other targets in vivo except for kinesin-14. Nonetheless, intriguingly, AZ82 can neutralize overproduced HSET and partially rescue its lethality. This methodology of protein overproduction in fission yeast provides a convenient, functional assay system by which to screen for not only selective human kinesin-14 inhibitors but also those against other molecules of interest.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2017

Two spatially distinct Kinesin-14 Pkl1 and Klp2 generate collaborative inward forces against Kinesin-5 Cut7 in S. pombe

Kinesin motors play central roles in bipolar spindle assembly. In many eukaryotes, spindle pole separation is driven by Kinesin-5 that generates outward force. This outward force is balanced by antagonistic inward force elicited by Kinesin-14 and/or Dynein. In fission yeast, two Kinesin-14s, Pkl1 and Klp2, play an opposing role against Kinesin-5/Cut7. However, how these two Kinesin-14s coordinate individual activities remains elusive. Here we show that while deletion of either pkl1 or klp2 rescues temperature sensitive cut7 mutants, only pkl1 deletion can bypass the lethality caused by cut7 deletion. Pkl1 is tethered to the spindle pole body, while Klp2 is localized along the spindle microtubule. Forced targeting of Klp2 to the spindle pole body, however, compensates for Pkl1 functions, indicating that cellular localizations, rather than individual motor specificities, differentiate between the two Kinesin-14s. Interestingly, human Kinesin-14/HSET can replace either Pkl1 or Klp2. Moreover, overproducing HSET induces monopolar spindles, reminiscent of the phenotype of Cut7 inactivation. Taken together, this study has uncovered the biological mechanism of how two different Kinesin-14s exert their antagonistic roles against Kinesin-5 in a spatially distinct manner.\n\nSUMMARY STATEMENTProper force-balance generated by Kinesin-5 and Kinesin-14 is crucial for spindle bipolarity. Two fission yeast Kinesin-14s localize to different structures, thereby collaboratively producing inward forces against Kinesin-5-mediated outward force.\n\nAbbreviations used

cell biology↗