Biology subjects

Xu, X.

Publications and source records attributed to Xu, X..

At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources

bioRxiv2024

A single-cell 3D spatiotemporal multi-omics atlas from Drosophila embryogenesis to metamorphosis

The development of a multicellular organism is a highly intricate process tightly regulated by numerous genes and pathways in both spatial and temporal manners. Here, we present Flysta3D, a comprehensive multi-omics atlas of the model organism Drosophila, spanning its developmental lifespan from embryo to pupa. Our datasets encompass 3D single-cell spatial transcriptomic, single-cell transcriptomic, and single-cell chromatin accessibility information. By integrating these multi-dimensional data, we constructed cell state trajectories that uncover the detailed profiles of tissue development. With a focus on the central nervous system (CNS) and midgut, we dissected the spatiotemporal dynamics of gene regulatory networks, cell type diversity, and morphological changes from a multi-omics perspective. This extensive atlas provides an unprecedentedly rich resource and serves as a systematic platform for studying Drosophila development with integrated single-cell data at an ultra-high spatiotemporal resolution.

developmental biology↗

bioRxiv2024

CACIMAR: Cross-species Analysis of Cell Identities, Markers, Regulations and Interactions Using Single-cell RNA Sequencing Data

Transcriptomic analysis across species is increasingly used to reveal conserved gene regulations which implicate crucial regulators. Cross-species analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data provides new opportunities to identify the cellular and molecular conservations especially for cell types and cell type-specific gene regulations. However, few methods have been developed to analyze cross-species scRNA-seq data to uncover both molecular and cellular conservation patterns. Here, we built a tool called CACIMAR, which can perform cross-species analysis of cell identities, markers, regulations and interactions using scRNA-seq profiles. Based on the weighted sum models of the conserved features, we developed different conservation scores to measure the conservation of cell types, regulatory networks and intercellular interactions. Using publicly available scRNA-seq data on retinal regeneration in mice and zebrafish, we demonstrated four main functions of CACIMAR. First, CACIMAR allows to identify evolutionarily conserved cell types, including poorly conserved cell types. Second, the tool facilitates the identification of evolutionarily conserved or species-specific marker genes. Third, CACIMAR enables the identification of conserved intracellular regulations, including cell type-specific regulatory subnetworks and regulators. Lastly, CACIMAR provides a unique feature on the identification of conserved intercellular interactions. Overall, CACIMAR facilitates the identification of evolutionarily conserved cell types, marker genes, intracellular regulations and intercellular interactions, providing insights on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of species evolution.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2024

Structural insights into peptidoglycan hydrolysis by the FtsEX system in Escherichia coli during cell division

Bacterial cell division relies on precise peptidoglycan (PG) remodelling, a process orchestrated by the FtsEX complex. Comprised of FtsE and FtsX, this complex collaborates with EnvC, a periplasmic lytic enzyme activator, to regulate septal PG hydrolysis by amidases like AmiB. While recent structural investigations, particularly of Pseudomonas aeruginosa FtsEX (PaeFtsEX), have shed light on complex interactions and proposed activation mechanisms, the structural intricacies governing PG degradation by the FtsEX complex and EnvC in Escherichia coli cytokinesis remain unexplored. In this study, we present a comprehensive biochemical and structural analysis of E. coli FtsEX complexes, unveiling a key role for ATP in complex stabilization that extends across bacterial species. Upon EnvC binding, ATPase activity markedly increases. High-resolution structures of EcoFtsEX, both in the presence and absence of EnvC, reveal a symmetrical conformation of EcoFtsEX capable of accommodating the inherent asymmetry of EnvC, mediated by flexible loops within the periplasmic domain. Our negative-staining imaging showcases an elongated EcoFtsEX/EnvC/AmiB complex reminiscent of the PaeFtsEX system. These findings collectively provide intricate insights into the regulation of PG cleavage by FtsEX in E. coli - a pivotal model system used in pilot genetic studies, suggesting a conserved mechanism for precise hydrolase activation in bacteria.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2024

IOBR2: Multidimensional Decoding Tumor Microenvironment for Immuno-Oncology Research

The use of large transcriptome datasets has greatly improved our understanding of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and helped develop precise immunotherapies. The increasing popularity of multi-omics sequencing, single-cell transcriptome sequencing (scRNA), and spatial transcriptome sequencing has led to numerous new discoveries. However, these findings require clinical phenotypic validation with a large sample size. To enhance the integration of multi-omics in advancing research on the tumor microenvironment, we have developed a systematic and comprehensive analytical tool (Immuno-Oncology Biological Research 2, IOBR2) based on our prior work. IOBR2 offers six modules for TME analysis based on multi-omics data. These modules cover data preprocessing, TME estimation, TME infiltrating patterns, cellular interactions, genome and TME interaction, and visualization for TME relevant features, as well as modelling based on key features. IOBR2 integrates multiple vital microenvironmental analysis algorithms and signature estimation methods, simplifying the analysis and downstream visualization of the TME. In addition to providing a quick and easy way to construct gene signatures from single-cell data, IOBR2 also provides a way to construct a reference matrix for TME deconvolution from single-cell RNAseq. The analysis pipeline and feature visualization are user-friendly and provide a comprehensive description of the complex TME, offering insights into tumor-immune interactions. A comprehensive gitbook (https://iobr.github.io/book/) is available with a user-friendly manual and complete analysis workflow for each module.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2024

Endogenous glucocorticoids are required for normal macrophage activation and gastric Helicobacter pylori immunity

Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones well-known for their potent anti-inflammatory effects. However, their immunomodulatory properties are multifaceted. Increasing evidence suggests that glucocorticoid signaling promotes effective immunity and that disruption of glucocorticoid signaling impairs immune function. In this study, we conditionally deleted the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the myeloid lineage using the LysM-Cre driver (myGRKO). We examined the impact on macrophage activation and gastric immune responses to Helicobacter pylori, the best-known risk factor of gastric cancer. Our results indicate that compared to WT, GRKO macrophages exhibited higher expression of proinflammatory genes in steroid-free conditions. However, when challenged in vivo, GRKO macrophages exhibited aberrant chromatin landscapes and impaired proinflammatory gene expression profiles. Moreover, gastric colonization with Helicobacter revealed impaired gastric immune responses and reduced T cell recruitment in myGRKO mice. As a result, myGRKO mice were protected from atrophic gastritis and pyloric metaplasia development. These results demonstrate a dual role for glucocorticoid signaling in preparing macrophages to respond to bacterial infection but limiting their pathogenic activation. In addition, our results support that macrophages are critical for gastric anti- Helicobacter immunity. Graphical Abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=159 SRC="FIGDIR/small/575574v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (34K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@7d5281org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b39ca2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f081caorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d9215d_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG

immunology↗

bioRxiv2023

Generating single-cell gene expression profiles for high-resolution spatial transcriptomics based on cell boundary images

Stereo-seq is a cutting-edge technique for spatially resolved transcriptomics that combines subcellular resolution with centimeter-level field-of-view, serving as a technical foundation for analyzing large tissues at the single-cell level. Our previous work presents the first one-stop software that utilizes cell nuclei staining images and statistical methods to generate high-confidence single-cell spatial gene expression profiles for Stereo-seq data. With recent advancements in Stereo-seq technology, it is possible to acquire cell boundary information, such as cell membrane/wall staining images. To take advantage of this progress, we update our software to a new version, named STCellbin, which utilizes the cell nuclei staining images as a bridge to align cell membrane/wall staining images with spatial gene expression maps. By employing an advanced cell segmentation technique, accurate cell boundaries can be obtained, leading to more reliable single-cell spatial gene expression profiles. Experimental results verify that STCellbin can be applied on the mouse liver (cell membranes) and Arabidopsis seed (cell walls) datasets and outperforms other competitive methods. The improved capability of capturing single cell gene expression profiles by this update results in a deeper understanding of the contribution of single cell phenotypes to tissue biology. Availability & ImplementationThe source code of STCellbin is available at https://github.com/STOmics/STCellbin.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2023

Comprehensive Multi-Omic Analysis Reveals Distinct Molecular Features in Early and Advanced Stages of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is a serious primary solid tumor that is prevalent worldwide. Due to its high mortality rate, it is crucial to explore both early diagnosis and advanced treatment for HCC. In recent years, multi-omic approaches have emerged as promising tools to identify biomarkers and investigate molecular mechanisms of biological processes and diseases. In this study, we performed proteomics, phosphoproteomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics to reveal the molecular features of early- and advanced-stage HCC. The data obtained from these omics were analyzed separately and then integrated to provide a comprehensive understanding of the disease. The multi-omic results unveiled intricate biological pathways and interaction networks underlying the initiation and progression of HCC. Moreover, we proposed specific potential biomarker panels for both early- and advanced-stage HCC by overlapping our data with CPTAC database, and deduced novel insights and mechanisms related to HCC origination and development.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2023

Site Effects in Multisite Fetal Brain MRI: Morphological Insights into Early Brain Development

BackgroundMultisite MRI studies have become prevalent given their advantage in revealing reliable biological or clinical findings. Adult and adolescent multisite studies have demonstrated inevitable site-related non-biological effects that introduce bias. However, the site effect on fetal brain MRI remains unknown. PurposeTo identify crucial acquisition factors affecting fetal brain structural measurements and developmental patterns, while assessing the effectiveness of existing harmonization methods in mitigating site effects. Materials and MethodsBetween May 2017 and March 2022, T2-weighted fast spin-echo sequences in-utero MRI were performed in healthy fetuses from prospectively recruited pregnant volunteers on four different scanners at four sites. A generalized additive model (GAM) was used to quantitatively assess site effects, including field strength (FS), manufacture (M), in-plane resolution (R), and slice thickness (ST), on subcortical volume and cortical morphological measurements, including cortical thickness, curvature, and sulcal depth. Growth models were selected to elucidate developmental trajectories of these morphological measurements. Welchs test was performed to evaluate the influence of site effects on developmental trajectories. ComBat-GAM harmonization method was applied to mitigate site-related biases. ResultsThe final analytic sample consisted of 340 MRI scans from 218 fetuses (mean gestational age, 30.1 weeks {+/-} 4.4 [range, 21.7-40 weeks]). GAM results showed that low FS and low spatial resolution led to overestimations in selected brain regions of subcortical volumes and cortical morphological measurements, and cortical measurements were more susceptible to site effects than subcortical volumes. Only the peak cortical thickness in developmental trajectories was significantly influenced by the effects of FS and R. Notably, ComBat-GAM harmonization effectively removed site effects while preserving developmental patterns. ConclusionOur findings pinpointed the key acquisition factors in in-utero fetal brain MRI and underscored the necessity of data harmonization when pooling multisite data for fetal brain morphology investigations.

bioengineering↗

bioRxiv2023

Quorum Sensing Positively Regulates CPS-dependent Autographiviridae Phages Infection in Vibrio alginolyticus

Quorum sensing (QS) orchestrates many bacterial behaviors, such as virulence and biofilm formation, across bacterial populations. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of QS regulating CPS-dependent phage-bacterium interactions remains unclear. In the present study, we report that QS upregulated the expression of CPS-dependent phage receptors, thus increasing phage adsorption and infection rates in V. alginolyticus. We found that QS upregulated the expression of the ugd gene, leading to increased synthesis of Autographiviridae phage receptor capsular polysaccharide (CPS) synthesis in V. alginolyticus. The signal molecule autoinducer-2 (AI-2) released by V. alginolyticus from different sources can potentially enhance CPS-dependent phage infection. Therefore, our data suggest that inhibiting quorum sensing may reduce rather than improve the therapeutic efficacy of CPS-specific phages. IMPORTANCEPhage resistance is a direct threat to phage therapy, and understanding phage-host interactions, especially bacteria block phage infection, is essential for developing successful phage therapy. In the present study, we demonstrate for the first time that V. alginolyticus uses QS to promote CPS-specific phage infection by upregulating the expression of ugd, which is necessary for the synthesis of Autographiviridae phage receptor capsular polysaccharide (CPS). Although increased CPS-specific phage susceptibility is a novel trade-off mediated by QS, it results in the upregulation of virulence factors, promoting biofilm development and enhanced capsular polysaccharide production in V. alginolyticus. This suggests that inhibiting QS may improve the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment, but it may also reduce the efficacy of phage therapy.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2023

Neurexins control the strength and precise timing of glycinergic inhibition in the auditory brainstem

Neurexins play diverse functions as presynaptic organizers in various glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses. However, it remains unknown whether and how neurexins are involved in shaping functional properties of the glycinergic synapses, which mediate prominent inhibition in the brainstem and spinal cord. To address these issues, we examined the role of neurexins in a model glycinergic synapse between the principal neuron in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) and the principal neuron in the lateral superior olive (LSO) in the auditory brainstem. Combining RNAscope with stereotactic injection of AAV-Cre in the MNTB of neurexin1/2/3 conditional triple knockout mice, we showed that MNTB neurons highly express all isoforms of neurexins although their expression levels vary remarkably. Selective ablation of all neurexins in MNTB neurons not only reduced the amplitude but also altered the kinetics of the glycinergic synaptic transmission at LSO neurons. The synaptic dysfunctions primarily resulted from an impaired Ca2+ sensitivity of release and a loosened coupling between voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and synaptic vesicles. Together, our current findings demonstrate that neurexins are essential in controlling the strength and temporal precision of the glycinergic synapse, which therefore corroborates the role of neurexins as key presynaptic organizers in all major types of fast chemical synapses.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2023

Self-inhibiting percolation and viral spreading in epithelial tissue

SARS-CoV-2 induces delayed type-I/III interferon production, allowing it to escape the early innate immune response. The delay has been attributed to a deficiency in the ability of cells to sense viral replication upon infection, which in turn hampers activation of the antiviral state in bystander cells. Here, we introduce a cellular automaton model to investigate the spatiotemporal spreading of viral infection as a function of virus and host-dependent parameters. The model suggests that the considerable person-to-person heterogeneity in SARS-CoV-2 infections is a consequence of high sensitivity to slight variations in biological parameters near a critical threshold. It further suggests that within-host viral proliferation can be curtailed by the presence of remarkably few cells that are primed for IFN production. Thus the observed heterogeneity in defense readiness of cells reflects a remarkably cost-efficient strategy for protection.

systems biology↗

bioRxiv2023

Utilizing Non-Invasive Prenatal Test Sequencing Data Resource for Human Genetic Investigation

Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) employs ultra-low-pass sequencing of maternal plasma cell-free DNA to detect fetal trisomy. With exceptional sensitivity, specificity, and safety, NIPT has gained global adoption, exceeding ten million tests, establishing it as one of the largest human genetic resources. This resource holds immense potential for exploring population genetic variations and their correlations with phenotypes. Here, we present comprehensive methods tailored for analyzing large, low-depth NIPT genetic datasets, involving customized algorithms and software for genetic variation detection, genotype imputation, and genome-wide association analysis. Through evaluations, we demonstrate that, when integrated with appropriate probabilistic models and population-specific haplotype reference panels, accurate allele frequency estimation and high genotype imputation accuracy (0.8 to 0.9) are achievable for genetic variants with alternative allele frequencies between 0.01 and 0.05, at sequencing depths of 0.1x to 0.25x. Additionally, we attained an R-square exceeding 0.9 for estimating genetic effect sizes across various sequencing platforms. These findings establish a robust theoretical and practical foundation for leveraging NIPT data in advancing medical genetic studies, not only in realms of maternal and child health, but also for long-term health outcomes. HighlightsO_LIIntroduction of probabilistic model integration for analyzing large-scale, low-pass non-invasive prenatal test (NIPT) sequencing data C_LIO_LIEvaluation of protocols for variant detection, genotype imputation, and genome-wide association analyses with NIPT data C_LI

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2023

Three-dimensional dipole orientation mapping with high temporal-spatial resolution using polarization modulation

Fluorescence polarization microscopy is widely used in biology for molecular orientation properties. However, due to the limited temporal resolution of single-molecule orientation localization microscopy and the limited orientation dimension of polarization modulation techniques, achieving simultaneous high temporal-spatial resolution mapping of the three-dimensional (3D) orientation of fluorescent dipoles remains an outstanding problem. Here, we present a super-resolution 3D orientation mapping (3DOM) microscope that resolves 3D orientation by extracting phase information of the six polarization modulation components in reciprocal space. 3DOM achieves an azimuthal precision of 2{degrees} and a polar precision of 3{degrees} with spatial resolution of 128 nm in the experiments. We validate that 3DOM not only reveals the heterogeneity of the milk fat globule membrane, but also elucidates the 3D structure of biological filaments, including the 3D spatial conformation of {lambda}-DNA and the structural disorder of actin filaments. Furthermore, 3DOM images the dipole dynamics of microtubules labeled with green fluorescent protein in live U2OS cells, reporting dynamic 3D orientation variations. Given its easy integration into existing wide-field microscopes, we expect the 3DOM microscope to provide a multi-view versatile strategy for investigating molecular structure and dynamics in biological macromolecules across multiple spatial and temporal scales.

molecular biology↗

bioRxiv2023

A Day in the Life of Arabidopsis: 24-Hour Time-lapse Single-nucleus Transcriptomics Reveal Cell-type specific Circadian Rhythms

Functional circadian clock is fundamental to the adaptation and survival of organisms. In land plants, the comprehensive profiling of circadian gene expression at the single-cell level is largely unknown partly due to the challenges in obtaining precisely-timed single cells from plant cells embedded within cell walls. To bridge this gap, we employed single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) on twelve seedling samples collected at 2-hour intervals over a 24-hour day in Arabidopsis, yielding a total of over 130,000 nuclei. From this data, we found that three cell clusters in the shoot share a coherent rhythm, while more than 3,000 genes display cell-type specific rhythmic expression. Only 19 genes are oscillating in more than ten different cell types, and the majority of them are well-documented core oscillators, suggesting the snRNA-seq circadian data could be used to identify key circadian regulators in a broad range of plant systems. Our data provides the first comprehensive resource for plant circadian rhythms at the single-cell level (hosted at https://zhailab.bio.sustech.edu.cn/sc_circadian).

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2023

Improving the suppressive power of homing gene drive by co-targeting a distant-site female fertility gene

Gene drive technology has the potential to address major biological challenges, including the management of disease vectors, invasive species, and agricultural pests. After releasing individuals carrying the gene drive in the target population, suppression gene drives are designed to spread at a rapid rate and carry a recessive fitness cost, thus bringing about a decline in population size or even complete suppression. Well-studied homing suppression drives have been shown to be highly efficient in Anopheles mosquitoes and were successful in eliminating large cage populations. However, for other organisms, including Aedes mosquitoes, homing gene drives are so far too inefficient to achieve complete population suppression, mainly due to lower rates of drive conversion, which is the rate at which wild type alleles are converted into drive alleles. Low drive conversion is also a major issue in vertebrates, as indicated by experiments in mice. To tackle this issue, we propose a novel gene drive design that has two targets: a homing site where the drive is located and drive conversion takes place (with rescue for an essential gene), and a distant site for providing the fitness cost for population suppression (preferably a female fertility gene, for which no rescue is provided). We modeled this design and found that the two-target system allows suppression to occur over a much wider range of drive conversion efficiency. Specifically, in the new design, the suppressive power depends mostly on total gRNA cutting efficiency instead of just drive conversion efficiency, which is advantageous because cut rates are often substantially higher than drive conversion rates. We constructed a proof of concept in Drosophila melanogaster and show that both components of the gene drive function successfully. However, embryo drive activity from maternally deposited Cas9 as well as fitness costs for female drive heterozygotes both remain significant challenges for two-target and standard suppression drives. Overall, our improved gene drive design eases the development of strong homing suppression gene drives for many species where drive conversion is less efficient.

genetics↗

bioRxiv2023

Exploratory study of pulsed electric field ablation on atherosclerotic plaque in a rabbit model

New understanding of the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic diseases has led to the emergence of new therapeutic approaches. We explored the potential therapeutic effects of pulsed field potential ablation (PFA), a non-thermal ablation technique with high tissue selectivity, on atherosclerotic plaques. Carotid arteries of 30 high-fat rabbits were dilated with a balloon to obtain atherosclerotic plaques. PFA was administered on the carotid atherosclerotic plaques with 1000V/cm, 2000V/cm, and 1000V/cm ablation followed by rapamycin infusion. There were no visible changes in blood vessels after acute ablation, but apoptosis and polarity of cells were observed in atherosclerotic plaques. At 7 and 30 days after ablation, the density of lipid deposition in the plaque was significantly reduced, and multiple layers of new arranged anterograde smooth muscle cells appeared, replacing the original atherosclerotic plaque. The residual atherosclerotic structure is sandwiched between the new smooth muscle layer and the original smooth muscle layer, which makes vascular wall thicker and makes vascular wall elasticity increased. Rapamycin delays the vascular remodeling process. Conclusion: PFA ablation can reduce lipid deposition in atherosclerotic plaques, cause vascular remodeling, and enhance vascular elasticity. We believe that it may be a potential method for the treatment of atherosclerotic plaques.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2023

Stereopy: modeling comparative and spatiotemporal cellular heterogeneity via multi-sample spatial transcriptomics

Tracing cellular dynamic changes across conditions, time, and space is crucial for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying complex biological systems. However, integrating multi-sample data in a unified and flexible way to explore cellular heterogeneity remains a major challenge. Here, we present Stereopy, a flexible and versatile framework for modeling and dissecting comparative and spatiotemporal patterns in multi-sample spatial transcriptomics with interactive data visualization. To optimize this flexible framework, we have developed three key components: a multi-sample tailored data container, a scope controller, and an analysis transformer. Furthermore, Stereopy showcases three transformative applications supported by pivotal algorithms. Firstly, the multi-sample cell community detection (CCD) algorithm introduces an innovative capability to detect specific cell communities and identify genes responsible for pathological changes in comparable datasets. Secondly, the spatially resolved temporal gene pattern inference (TGPI) algorithm represents a notable advancement in detecting important spatiotemporal gene patterns while concurrently considering spatial and temporal features, which enhances the identification of important genes, domains and regulatory factors closely associated with temporal datasets. Finally, the 3D niche-based regulation inference tool, named NicheReg3D, reconstructs the 3D cell niches to enable the inference of cell-gene interaction network within the spatial texture, thus bridging intercellular communications and intracellular regulations to unravel the intricate regulatory mechanisms that govern cellular behavior. Overall, Stereopy serves as both a bioinformatics toolbox and an extensible framework that provides researchers with enhanced data interpretation abilities and new perspectives for mining multi-sample spatial transcriptomics data.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2023

Population suppression with dominant female-lethal alleles is boosted by homing gene drive

Methods to suppress pest insect populations using genetic constructs and repeated releases of male homozygotes have recently been shown to be an attractive alternative to older sterile insect technique based on radiation. Female-specific lethal alleles have substantially increased power, but still require large, sustained transgenic insect releases. Gene drive alleles bias their own inheritance to spread throughout populations, potentially allowing population suppression with a single, small-size release. However, suppression drives often suffer from efficiency issues, and the most well-studied type, homing drives, tend to spread without limit. In this study, we show that coupling female-specific lethal alleles with homing gene drive allowed substantial improvement in efficiency while still retaining the self-limiting nature (and thus confinement) of a lethal allele strategy. Using a mosquito model, we show the required releases sizes for population elimination in a variety of scenarios, including different density growth curves, with comparisons to other systems. Resistance alleles reduced the power of this method, but these could be overcome by targeting an essential gene with the drive while also providing rescue. A proof-of-principle demonstration of this system in Drosophila melanogaster was effective in both basing its inheritance and achieving high lethality among females that inherit the construct in the absence of antibiotic. Overall, our study shows that substantial improvements can be achieved in female-specific lethal systems for population suppression by combining them with a gene drive.

synthetic biology↗