Biology subjects

Wuitchik, D. M.

Publications and source records attributed to Wuitchik, D. M..

6 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2024

Outside your shell: how temperature shapes genetic variation in two species of congeneric marine snails

Intertidal organisms withstand extreme temperature fluctuations, and their ability to cope with this variation may affect their distributions across the seascape. Genetic variation and local environments likely interact to determine variation in thermal performance across intertidal species ranges, so characterizing the relationship between temperature variation and population structure is key to understanding the biology of marine invertebrates. Here, we use 2bRAD-sequencing to examine population genetic structure in two congeneric intertidal marine gastropods (Crepidula fornicata, C. plana), sampled from locations along a natural temperature gradient on the Northeast shores of the United States. These two species share similar life histories, yet C. plana exhibits a narrower distribution than C. fornicata. Our results demonstrate that both species show patterns of genetic divergence consistent with isolation by distance, though this pattern was only significant in C. fornicata. Both putatively selected and neutral loci displayed significant spatial structuring in C. fornicata; however, only putatively selected loci showed significant clustering in C. plana. When exploring whether temperature differences explained genetic differentiation, we found that 9-12% of genetic differentiation was explained by temperature variation in each species even when controlling for latitude and neutral population structure. Our results suggest that temperature shapes adaptive variation across the seascape in both Crepidula species and encourages further research to differentiate our results from models of neutral evolutionary drift.

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2023

Symbiosis modulates gene expression of symbionts, but not hosts, under thermal challenge

Increasing ocean temperatures are causing dysbiosis between coral hosts and their symbionts. Previous work suggests that coral host gene expression responds more strongly to environmental stress compared to their intracellular symbionts; however, the causes and consequences of this phenomenon remain untested. We hypothesized that symbionts are less responsive because hosts modulate symbiont environments to buffer stress. To test this hypothesis, we leveraged the facultative symbiosis between the scleractinian coral Oculina arbuscula and its symbiont Breviolum psygmophilum to characterize gene expression responses of both symbiotic partners in and ex hospite under thermal challenges. To characterize host and in hospite symbiont responses, symbiotic and aposymbiotic O. arbuscula were exposed to three treatments: 1) control (18{degrees}C), 2) heat (32{degrees}C), and 3) cold (6{degrees}C). This experiment was replicated with B. psygmophilum cultured from O. arbuscula to characterize ex hospite symbiont responses. Both thermal challenges elicited classic environmental stress responses (ESRs) in O. arbuscula regardless of symbiotic state, with hosts responding more strongly to cold challenge. Hosts also exhibited stronger responses than in hospite symbionts. In and ex hospite B. psygmophilum both downregulated genes associated with photosynthesis under thermal challenge; however, ex hospite symbionts exhibited greater gene expression plasticity and differential expression of genes associated with ESRs. Taken together, these findings suggest that O. arbuscula hosts may buffer environments of B. psygmophilum symbionts; however, we outline the future work needed to confirm this hypothesis.

molecular biology↗

bioRxiv2023

Photosymbiosis reduces the environmental stress response under a heat challenge in a facultatively symbiotic coral

The symbiosis between corals of the order Scleractinia and dinoflagellates of the family Symbiodiniaceae is sensitive to environmental stress. The oxidative bleaching hypothesis posits that extreme temperatures lead to accumulation of photobiont-derived reactive oxygen species ROS, which exacerbates the coral environmental stress response (ESR). To understand how photosymbiosis modulates coral ESRs, these responses must be explored in hosts in and out of symbiosis. We leveraged the facultatively symbiotic coral Astrangia poculata, which offers an opportunity to uncouple the ESR across its two symbiotic states (symbiotic, aposymbiotic). Colonies of both symbiotic states were exposed to three temperature treatments for 15 days: i) control (static 18{degrees}C), ii) heat challenge (increasing from 18 to 32{degrees}C), and iii) cold challenge (decreasing from 18 to 6{degrees}C) after which host gene expression was profiled. Cold challenged corals elicited widespread differential expression, however, there were no differences between symbiotic states. In contrast, symbiotic colonies exhibited greater gene expression plasticity under heat challenge, including enrichment of cell cycle pathways involved in controlling photobiont growth. Counter to the oxidative bleaching hypothesis, this plasticity did not include signatures of stress, and rather a dampened ESR under heat challenge was observed, suggesting that photobionts reduce the hosts ESR under elevated temperatures in A. poculata.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2023

Pelvic spine reduction affects diet but not gill raker morphology in two polymorphic brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans) populations

Pelvic spine polymorphism occurs in several species in the stickleback family (Gasterosteidae). Given the similar phenotypic polymorphisms in multiple stickleback species, we sought to determine the extent of parallelism in the ecological correlates of pelvic spine reduction. Based on a metabarcoding analysis of brook stickleback gut contents in two polymorphic populations, we found significant diet differences were associated with pelvic spine reduction, but we found no clear or consistent trend supporting a tendency for benthic feeding in pelvic-reduced brook stickleback. These results contrast with those found in threespine stickleback where pelvic spine reduction is often associated with a benthic diet. Hence, we found non-parallel consequences of spine polymorphism across species. Furthermore, a difference in gill raker morphology has been frequently observed between ecomorphs with differen diets in many fish species. But, we found no evidence of any difference in gill raker morphology associated with pelvic spine polymorphism in brook stickleback.

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2022

Heat stress does not induce wasting symptoms in the giant California sea cucumber (Apostichopus californicus)

Oceanic heat waves have significant impacts on disease dynamics in marine ecosystems. A severe sea cucumber wasting event occurred in Nanoose Bay, British Columbia, Canada, following an extreme heat wave, resulting in mass mortality of Apostichopus californicus. Here, we sought to determine if heat stress in isolation could trigger wasting symptoms in A. californicus. We exposed sea cucumbers to i) a simulated marine heat wave (22{o}C), ii) an elevated temperature treatment (17{o}C), or iii) control conditions (12{o}C). We measured the presence of skin ulcers, mortality, posture maintenance, antipredator defences, spawning, and organ evisceration during the 79-hour thermal exposure, as well as 7-days post-exposure. Both the 22{degrees}C and 17{degrees}C treatments elicited stress responses where individuals exhibited a reduced ability to maintain posture and an increase in stress spawning. The 22{o}C heat wave was particularly stressful, as it was the only treatment where mortality was observed. However, none of the treatments induced wasting symptoms as observed in the Nanoose Bay event. This study provides evidence that sea cucumber wasting is not triggered by heat stress in isolation, leaving the cause of the mass mortality event observed in Nanoose unknown.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2020

Convergent stress response repertoire to thermal challenges in a temperate aposymbiotic coral

Anthropogenic climate change threatens corals globally and both high and low temperatures are known to induce coral bleaching. However, coral stress responses across wide thermal breadths are rarely explored. In addition, it is difficult to disentangle the role of symbiosis on the stress response of obligately symbiotic coral hosts. Here, we leverage aposymbiotic colonies of the facultatively symbiotic coral, Astrangia poculata, which lives naturally with and without its algal symbiont, to examine how broad thermal challenges influence coral hosts. A. poculata were collected from their northern range limit and thermally challenged in two independent 16-day common garden experiments (heat and cold challenge) and behavioral responses to food stimuli and genome-wide gene expression profiling (TagSeq) were performed. Both thermal challenges elicited significant reductions in polyp extension. However, five times as many genes were differentially expressed under cold challenge compared to heat challenge. Despite more genes responding to cold challenge, there was significant overlap in which genes were differentially expressed across thermal challenges. These convergently responding genes (CRGs) were associated with downregulation of motor functions and nematocysts while others were consistent with stress responses previously identified in tropical corals. The fact that these responses were observed in aposymbiotic colonies highlights that many genes previously implicated in stress responses in symbiotic species may simply represent the corals stress response in or out of symbiosis.

ecology↗