Wilson, N. E. | bioRxiv Science

bioRxiv2024

Quantification of NAD+ T1 and T2 relaxation times using downfield 1H MRS at 7 T in human brain in vivo

IntroductionThe purpose of this study was to use a single-slice spectrally-selective sequence to measure T1 and T2 relaxation times of NAD+ proton resonances in the downfield 1H MRS spectrum in human brain at 7 T in vivo and assess the propagation of relaxation time uncertainty in NAD+ quantification. MethodsDownfield spectra from 7 healthy volunteers were acquired at multiple echo times in all subjects to measure T2 relaxation, and saturation recovery data were to measure T1 relaxation. The downfield acquisition used a spectrally-selective 90{degrees} sinc pulse for excitation centered at 9.1 ppm with a bandwidth of 2 ppm, followed by a 180{degrees} spatially-selective Shinnar-Le Roux refocusing pulse for localization. For the multiple echo experiment, spectra were collected with echo times ranging from 13 to 33 ms. For the saturation recovery experiment, saturation was performed prior to excitation using the same spectrally-selective sinc pulse as was used for excitation. Saturation delay times (TS) ranged from 100 to 600 ms. Uncertainty propagation analysis was performed analytically and with Monte Carlo simulation. ResultsThe mean {+/-} standard deviation of T1 relaxation times of the H2, H6, and H4 protons were 152.7 {+/-} 16.6, 163.6 {+/-} 22.3, and 169.9 {+/-} 11.2 ms, respectively. The mean {+/-} standard deviation of T2 relaxation times of the H2, H6, and H4 protons were 32.5 {+/-} 7.0, 27.4 {+/-} 5.2, and 38.1 {+/-} 11.7 ms, respectively. The mean R2 of the H2 and H6 T1 fits were 0.98. The mean R2 of the H4 proton T1 fit was 0.96. The mean R2 of the T2 fits of the H2 and H4 proton resonances were 0.98, while the mean R2 of the T2 fits of the H4 proton was 0.93. The relative uncertainty in NAD+ concentration due to relaxation time uncertainty was 8.5%-11%. ConclusionUsing downfield spectrally-selective spectroscopy with single-slice localization, we found NAD+ T1 and T2 relaxation times to be approximately 162 ms and 32 ms respectively in the human brain in vivo at 7 T.

bioengineering↗

bioRxiv2023

Molecular dissection of PI3Kβ synergistic activation by receptor tyrosine kinases, GβGγ, and Rho-family GTPases

The class 1A phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) beta (PI3K{beta}) is functionally unique in the ability to integrate signals derived from receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G-protein)-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and Rho-family GTPases. The mechanism by which PI3K{beta} prioritizes interactions with various membrane tethered signaling inputs, however, remains unclear. Previous experiments have not been able to elucidate whether interactions with membrane-tethered proteins primarily control PI3K{beta} localization versus directly modulate lipid kinase activity. To address this gap in our understanding of PI3K{beta} regulation, we established an assay to directly visualize and decipher how three distinct protein interactions regulate PI3K{beta} when presented to the kinase in a biologically relevant configuration on supported lipid bilayers. Using single molecule Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) Microscopy, we determined the mechanism controlling membrane localization of PI3K{beta}, prioritization of signaling inputs, and lipid kinase activation. We find that auto-inhibited PI3K{beta} prioritizes interactions with RTK-derived tyrosine phosphorylated (pY) peptides before engaging either G{beta}G{gamma} or Rac1(GTP). Although pY peptides strongly localize PI3K{beta} to membranes, stimulation of lipid kinase activity is modest. In the presence of either pY/G{beta}G{gamma} or pY/Rac1(GTP), PI3K{beta} activity is dramatically enhanced beyond what can be explained by simply increasing the strength of membrane localization. Instead, PI3K{beta} is synergistically activated by pY/G{beta}G{gamma} and pY/Rac1(GTP) through a mechanism consistent with allosteric regulation.

biochemistry↗