A GH81-type β-glucan-binding protein facilitates colonization by mutualistic fungi in barley
Cell walls are important interfaces of plant-fungal interactions. Host cell walls act as robust physical and chemical barriers against fungal invaders, making them an essential line of defense. Upon fungal colonization, plants deposit phenolics and callose at the sites of fungal penetration to reinforce their walls and prevent further fungal progression. Alterations in the composition of plant cell walls significantly impact host susceptibility. Furthermore, plants and fungi secrete glycan hydrolases acting on each others cell walls. These enzymes release a wide range of sugar oligomers into the apoplast, some of which trigger the activation of host immunity via host surface receptors. Recent characterization of cell walls from plant-colonizing fungi have emphasized the abundance of {beta}-glucans in different cell wall layers, which makes them suitable targets for recognition. To characterize host components involved in immunity against fungi, we performed a protein pull-down with the biotinylated {beta}-glucan laminarin. Thereby, we identified a glycoside hydrolase family 81-type glucan-binding protein (GBP) as the major {beta}-glucan interactor. Mutation of GBP1 and its only paralogue GBP2 in barley led to decreased colonization by the beneficial root endophytes Serendipita indica and S. vermifera, as well as the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. The reduction of symbiotic colonization was accompanied by enhanced responses at the host cell wall. Moreover, GBP mutation in barley also increased resistance to fungal infections in roots and leaves by the hemibiotrophic pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana and the obligate biotrophic pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei, respectively. These results indicate that GBP1 is involved in the establishment of symbiotic associations with beneficial fungi, a role that has potentially been appropriated by barley-adapted pathogens. O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=134 SRC="FIGDIR/small/536646v1_figu1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (39K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c47957org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@fa6727org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@18a54d2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c6b103_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG In BriefGBP1, a family 81 glycoside hydrolase, is an important {beta}-glucan interactor in barley. Mutation of GBP1 and its sole paralogue GBP2 leads to reduced colonization by beneficial root endophytes, AM fungi and pathogens, accompanied by enhanced responses at the plant cell wall. This indicates that GBP1 and {beta}-glucans are compatibility factors involved in the establishment of symbiotic associations with beneficial fungi, a role possibly hijacked by pathogens.