Biology subjects

Vuust, P.

Publications and source records attributed to Vuust, P..

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

Computational markers of rhythmic timing in Parkinson's disease

Sensorimotor synchronization requires the nervous system to predict upcoming events while continuously correcting the timing of ongoing actions. Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with impaired temporal processing, but it remains unclear which cognitive-computational mechanisms underlie rhythmic timing deficits. Here, we applied the Adaptation and Anticipation Model (ADAM) to synchronized finger-tapping data from participants with PD and controls across four steady tempi. After data screening, analyzes included 35 participants with PD and 28 controls. PD was associated with reduced synchronization accuracy and stability, reflected in larger absolute asynchronies and higher variability of asynchronies. ADAM parameter estimates indicated lower phase correction (coupling strength) and higher central timekeeper noise in the PD group, whereas period correction (tempo matching) and peripheral motor noise showed no robust group differences. Across participants, timekeeper noise predicted synchronization accuracy. Phase correction, timekeeper noise, and motor noise predicted synchronization stability, but their associations differed between groups: phase correction was more closely associated with stability in PD, whereas timekeeper and motor noise were more closely associated with stability in controls. These findings suggest that sensorimotor synchronization deficits in PD reflect reduced use of recent timing errors to guide upcoming movements and less precise internal timekeeping. Error correction and timekeeper noise thus emerge as candidate computational markers of altered rhythmic timing in PD, with potential relevance for understanding individual differences in responses to rhythmic auditory cueing.

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bioRxiv2026

Structured recurrence of latent neural processes predicts memory recognition performance

Understanding cognition requires explaining not only which neural processes are engaged, but how their relationships evolve through time. We tested whether the recurrent organization of low-dimensional whole-brain dynamics relates to auditory recognition behaviour beyond activation magnitude. After a brief learning phase, 65 participants underwent magnetoencephalography (MEG) while recognizing three-, five-, and seven-sound auditory sequences, presented unchanged or with a single early or late tone alteration. Broadband Brain Network Estimation via Source Separation (BROAD-NESS) identified broadband latent networks from source-reconstructed activity and represented their joint activation as trajectories through a multidimensional state space; recurrence quantification analysis characterized their temporal organization. Memorized melodies elicited more recurrent states and longer, more deterministic and persistent recurrence structures, together with lower divergence, than changed melodies. Across participants, structured recurrence was consistently associated with higher accuracy and faster responses, whereas recurrence frequency showed no consistent behavioural association. After adjustment for condition, melody length, their interaction, and matched root-mean-square activation amplitude, recurrence measures increased marginal R2 by 0.273. Nested participant-wise cross-validation reduced held-out prediction error by 11.81% (95% CI: 4.01%-17.65%). These findings support a view of cognition in which performance depends critically on how low-dimensional neural processes jointly organize and evolve over time, beyond how strongly they are activated.

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bioRxiv2026

Ageing reshapes the resting-state network landscape of the human brain

Ageing alters brain rhythms and large-scale functional organisation, but whether these changes reflect isolated effects or a coordinated reconfiguration remains unclear. We applied Frequency-resolved Network Estimation via Source Separation (FREQ-NESS) to source-reconstructed resting-state MEG from 164 healthy younger and older adults across two independent datasets. FREQ-NESS revealed that ageing reshaped the frequency-resolved organisation of whole-brain networks. Older adults showed a slower alpha-network peak and a flatter decay of network prominence from alpha into beta frequencies, together with changes in entropy across the spectrum. These spectral changes were accompanied by shifts in the spatial expression of dominant networks along the lateral, posterior-anterior, and inferior-superior spatial axes. Rather than following a uniform anatomical shift, the direction of age differences varied across frequencies. Together, these findings show that healthy ageing is associated with a reshaped configuration of endogenous brain networks, characterised not simply by a uniform loss of network organisation, but by selective reconfiguration of the prominence and spatiotemporal expression of whole-brain activity across frequencies.

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bioRxiv2026

Memory encoding begins with spontaneous neural reactivation

Long-term memory relies on neural reactivation mechanisms that support consolidation and retrieval. However, it remains unknown whether these mechanisms also operate during encoding, the initial stage of memory formation. Using a decoding classifier, we analyzed magnetoencephalography (MEG) data from 67 participants as they actively encoded or passively listened to brief melodies. We found that the classifier generalized to the rest period immediately following encoding, revealing spontaneous neural reactivation and stable patterns after stimulus offset. This extends prior evidence of neural replay, which is typically observed during sleep and rest, by demonstrating reactivation during encoding, within the task itself. Decoding accuracy during encoding was correlated with recognition performance in subsequent tests, reinforcing its role in memory, with the largest differences between low- and high-recognition performance groups emerging 10 days after encoding. Whole-brain network analysis identified two primary systems: an auditory network (primary auditory cortex, insula, superior temporal gyrus) showing few condition differences, and a memory/associative network (hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, cingulate cortex) driving the neural reactivation underlying successful encoding. Together, these results demonstrate that spontaneous neural reactivation supports memory encoding even before formal consolidation.

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bioRxiv2026

Cultural echoes in social bonding: Universal and culture-specific effects of movement synchrony and music on connectedness, likeability, and well-being

Social bonds are essential for well-being, and moving together to music is a universal means of promoting prosocial behavior and positive affect. However, the functions and interpretations of movement synchrony and music can vary across cultures and may depend on personal values. We examined how interpersonal synchrony and music affect social bonding in participants from individualistic (Denmark, N = 137) and collectivistic (China, N = 226) cultures. Participants watched videos of virtual stick figures - representing themselves (virtual-self) and an unknown person (virtual-other) - moving either synchronously or asynchronously to music or a metronome. After each video, participants rated three indicators of social bonding: their momentary feeling of social connectedness with the virtual-other (Inclusion of Other in the Self, IOS), likeability of the virtual-other, and well-being as the virtual-self. Personal values were measured using the Portrait Value Questionnaire. Music and synchrony promoted all three indicators of social bonding in both cultures, whereas cultural differences emerged in asynchronous conditions. Chinese participants rated the asynchronous virtual-other more likeable than Danish participants, aligning with the collectivistic emphasis on social harmony. Moreover, Chinese participants rated their own well-being higher than Danish participants when the virtual-self moved asynchronously, suggesting greater self-forgiveness in maintaining group harmony. The personal values of benevolence, conformity, and universalism interacted with movement synchrony and cultural background, underscoring the important role of values in interpretations of social interactions. Our findings highlight the universal prosocial effects of music and movement synchrony, while also emphasizing cultural nuances in how these effects are experienced.

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bioRxiv2026

Universality Meets Cultural Nuances: Affective Responses to Rhythmic and Harmonic Complexity Across Cultures

The pleasurable urge to move to music - known as groove - has been linked to rhythmic and harmonic complexity via an inverted-U relationship, consistent with predictive coding theory of music. This link has been demonstrated mainly in Western listeners, leaving its cultural generality unclear. Given reports of heightened pitch and harmony sensitivity in Chinese listeners, we predicted stronger responses to harmonic complexity and weaker responses to rhythmic complexity compared with Western listeners. We conducted two online experiments measuring "pleasure" and "wanting to move" ratings for musical excerpts varying in rhythmic and harmonic complexity, comparing Chinese and Danish participants as representatives of Eastern and Western traditions. In Experiment 1, which manipulated both dimensions, both groups showed inverted-U responses to rhythmic complexity, but Danish participants exhibited a sharper curve, indicating greater affective differentiation. No inverted-U pattern emerged for harmonic complexity, and Chinese participants did not show enhanced harmonic sensitivity. Experiment 2 focused on rhythmic complexity using ecologically valid stimuli with finer gradations. Again, Danes showed greater sensitivity to rhythmic variation, reflected in a sharper curvature of their inverted U responses, though peak responses did not differ between groups. Our findings support the universality of predictive responses to rhythmic complexity, while highlighting the modulatory role of cultural exposure in shaping musical affective experiences.

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bioRxiv2026

Brain dynamics of memory encoding for simple versus complex musical sequences

Memory encoding is the foundational process by which the brain transforms sensory input into lasting representations. While the neural mechanisms of auditory memory have been extensively studied, how musical complexity modulates the neural activity during memory encoding remains poorly understood. Here, we used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to investigate the encoding of simple (tonal) versus complex (atonal) musical melodies in 67 participants. Behaviorally, the latter melodies were consistently rated as more complex and associated with lower recognition accuracy across three testing sessions (same day, one day later, and ten days after the encoding task). At the neural level, source-localized analyses revealed distinct spatiotemporal dynamics: simple melodies elicited stronger activity in auditory cortices (left and right Heschl's gyrus) and cingulate regions (medial and anterior cingulate gyrus), while complex melodies recruited the left hippocampus more extensively across multiple tones. These findings demonstrate that musical complexity shapes neural encoding processes from the outset, with tonal sequences benefiting from efficient sensory processing and atonal sequences requiring greater memory-related recruitment. Our study provides novel insights into how the human brain encodes complex auditory information, providing a framework for understanding the neural basis of memory formation for temporally structured stimuli.

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bioRxiv2026

Gaming Addiction Transmission: Interpersonal Neural Pathways Revealed by HYPER-NESS

Gaming addiction may be contagious through social interaction. In team competitive video games, individuals of varying addiction levels are often paired. This raises the question of whether, and through what mechanisms, one individuals addiction level is affected by other players. Methodologically, addressing this question requires understanding both what happens between brains and within individual brains during a gaming session. To this end, we used HYPER-NESS (Hyper Brain Network Estimation via Source Separation), a novel analytical framework to decompose and weight the distinct contributions of inter-brain and intra-brain processes to social brain networks. We applied this framework to a hyperscanning fNIRS dataset where dyads were scanned while playing a video game together against experimenters. We found that inter-brain and intra-brain contributions to the social brain networks were differentially associated with changes in game reward and social reward sensitivity, depending on the addiction level of ones partner. Granger causality analysis of both social and individual brain networks revealed influences from the high-addiction partner to low-addiction partner. Furthermore, significant cross-frequency coupling was found selectively between low-addiction players, supporting the idea that this form of inter-brain interactions underpins the joint processing of task-relevant rewards. To our knowledge, these findings provide the first neural-level account for the hypothesis that gaming addiction propagates though dyadic social interaction.

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bioRxiv2026

Music facilitates sleep initiation in adults with sleep-onset insomnia: The role of neural synchronization

Sleep-onset insomnia is widespread in modern society, and many individuals turn to music to improve their sleep. While clinical studies have shown that music can positively affect sleep quality, the impact on sleep initiation remains unclear. Furthermore, there is limited knowledge on the mechanisms by which music may facilitate sleep. Here, we investigated whether music can facilitate sleep onset and if the effect is related to brain waves synchronizing to the slow beat of the sleep music. We recorded participants with sleep-onset insomnia (N=53) during a 30-minute afternoon rest using electroencephalography (EEG). Participants were randomly divided into two groups. Twenty-four participants listened to music chosen from a sleep music playlist while resting, and 29 rested in silence. We evaluated the transition from wakefulness towards sleep with the delta-alpha ratio of the EEG. To assess neural synchronization to the beat of the music, we used an EEG frequency tagging approach. We found a higher degree of transition towards sleep in the music group compared to silence over the 30-minutes resting period. Furthermore, higher beat stability in the music was reflected in stronger neural frequency tagging at the musical beat. However, the analyses showed no relationship between sleep initiation and neural synchronization to the beat. In sum, our results revealed that music has a positive effect on sleep initiation and that there is neural synchronization to naturalistic sleep music with a steady beat, but we found no indication that this neural synchronization is the central mechanism driving enhanced sleep initiation with music.

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bioRxiv2026

Efficient ageing: Simulated lesion of the structural connectome reveals optimised decline in the healthy ageing brain

Healthy ageing is associated with widespread white-matter change and altered connectome organisation, yet the link between local microstructural decline and whole-brain network communication remains unclear. Here we combined tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) with probabilistic tractography and graph analysis to quantify the connectome-level consequences of age-sensitive white-matter hotspots. In two independent diffusion MRI datasets of healthy young and older adults (n = 144 total; Dataset 1: 77 participants; Dataset 2: 67 participants), we first identified age-sensitive fractional anisotropy clusters and then used them as constraints in a cross-dataset simulated-lesion framework. This allowed us to estimate how strongly each structural connection depended on age-sensitive tissue and to test the resulting network effects against matched-mass null lesions. Across both datasets, ageing hotspot lesioning reduced global efficiency, but consistently less than expected under the null model, indicating a less-than-random disruption of network integration. Age-sensitive tissue was disproportionately embedded in the brains integrative backbone: proportional degree loss was strongest in high-degree nodes, rich-club connections showed the greatest hotspot dependence, and nodewise losses were concentrated in frontal, cingulate and subcortical association systems, whereas posterior sensory and temporo-limbic regions were relatively spared. These findings suggest that healthy ageing reflects a selective and constrained reconfiguration of structural connectivity rather than simply pointing to uniform decline.

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bioRxiv2026

Resilience to persistent pain is characterized by stable periodic and increased aperiodic cortical activity

Individual variability in pain perception raises fundamental questions about how biological and experiential factors shape pain processing. Cognitive-demanding motor training is a key driver of use-dependent brain plasticity and may contribute to differences in pain responses. Using musicians as a model of cognitive-motor expertise, we examined how such experience influences cortical dynamics and pain perception during experimentally induced prolonged musculoskeletal pain. Resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded in musicians and non-musicians before (Day 1) and during pain development (Days 3 and 8) following intramuscular nerve growth factor (NGF) administration. We parameterized periodic (alpha peak frequency, power, frontal asymmetry) and aperiodic (exponent, offset) components of the EEG signal to characterize intrinsic cortical activity. During pain development, non-musicians exhibited slowing of peak alpha frequency, a neural marker associated with ongoing pain. In contrast, musicians showed preserved alpha dynamics and greater left frontal asymmetry, reflecting resilient top-down pain regulation. Musicians also displayed higher aperiodic exponent across sessions, suggesting that musical training shapes the excitation-to-inhibition (E:I) balance potentially reflecting a shift toward greater inhibitory activity. Notably, across all participants, only aperiodic features improved the prediction of pain severity, with higher exponents and higher offsets associated with lower pain ratings. These findings demonstrate that cognitive-motor training shapes cortical dynamics during sustained pain, supporting more stable, resilient cortical responses to pain. Such training also contributes to inter-individual variability in pain processing. Moreover, this study identifies aperiodic EEG components as predictors of pain severity and resilience.

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bioRxiv2026

Network reconfiguration preserves prediction error signallingin the aging brain

Cognitive aging is widely associated with a progressive weakening of predictive brain mechanisms. This view is supported by decades of electrophysiological studies reporting attenuated mismatch responses in older adults. Yet the literature remains inconsistent, suggesting that aging may not uniformly attenuate predictive processing. One possibility is that multiple predictive subsystems operate concurrently but have rarely been disentangled. Here we address this question by separating whole-brain networks underlying predictive processing in source-reconstructed magnetoencephalography (MEG) data from 77 younger and older adults performing the auditory local-global paradigm. Network decomposition revealed three temporally overlapping predictive subsystems with distinct functional profiles. Aging exerted selective effects across these networks. Sensory prediction error responses were enhanced within a network linking auditory cortices with medial cingulate regions, whereas responses associated with reorientation of attention and contextual pattern processing were attenuated in older adults. The level of multivariate recurrency across these networks was preserved with aging, while the processing of sensory violations induced more recurrency and less divergence relative to contextual violations in both groups. These findings challenge the prevailing view that predictive processing simply declines with age. Instead, aging redistributes predictive resources across distinct neural systems, amplifying sensory-based processes while weakening more cognitively demanding predictive mechanisms.

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bioRxiv2026

Promoting Healthy Ageing through Choral Training: A 9-Month Multidomain Intervention (MultiMusic) Enhances Neural Processing Speed in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

BackgroundOlder adulthood is often accompanied by declines in auditory processing and cognitive functioning, increasing the risk of reduced autonomy and quality of life. Multidomain lifestyle interventions have shown potential to counteract these changes, and choir-based activities represent a promising approach by simultaneously engaging auditory, cognitive, physical, and social domains. However, evidence regarding their feasibility and neurophysiological impact in community-dwelling older adults, particularly those without formal musical training, remains scarce. MethodsThis 9-month quasi-experimental feasibility study involved 54 community-dwelling older adults (mean age = 72.9 years) with no formal musical background. Participants self-selected into a choir-based intervention group, an active control group engaging in non-musical leisure activities, or a passive control group; however, some participants in the control groups were selected from the waiting list for the choir. Assessments were conducted at baseline and follow-up and included measures of global cognition, cognitive reserve, psychological well-being (Flourishing Scale), multidimensional frailty (Selfy-MPI), music perception, pure-tone audiometry, and auditory evoked potentials recorded using a standardized clinical oddball paradigm. ResultsThe choir-based intervention was feasible in a community setting. At the neurophysiological level, choir participation was associated with a bilateral, significant shortening of the N2-P3 inter-peak latency, indicating faster auditory-cortical processing. Additionally, through explorative analyses multidimensional frailty, as assessed by the Selfy-MPI, showed a significant reduction in individuals engaging in a higher number of activities, irrespective of group allocation. Similarly, psychological well-being revealed a decrease in flourishing scores in the passive control group relative to the choir group. No changes were observed in audiometric thresholds or music perception measures. ConclusionChoir-based multidomain participation is a feasible intervention for community-dwelling older adults without formal musical training and is associated with selective benefits in cognitive reserve, psychological well-being, auditory-cortical processing speed, and multidimensional frailty. These findings provide a foundation for a larger randomized controlled trial aimed at clarifying the cognitive, psychosocial, and neural mechanisms underlying choir-based interventions in ageing. Trial RegistrationThe upcoming trial has been prospectively registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT06767410; registration date: January 9, 2025).

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bioRxiv2026

Beyond where: When and how brain stimulation drives state transitions

Brain stimulation is increasingly used to treat neurological and psychiatric conditions, but stimulation sites and timing are typically chosen based on a priori assumptions from prior studies, not individualised mechanisms. Here, we investigate why some brain regions respond more to stimulation, when they respond best, and whether optimal targets for brain-state transitions are defined by functional anatomy (e.g. an auditory region in a resting-to-listening task transition), by system dynamics, or a combination of both. To do so, we build subject-specific whole-brain Hopf models fitted to MEG data, separating signals into five canonical frequency bands. We find that regions with a smaller oscillation radius and greater temporal variability respond more strongly to stimulation. Moreover, responsiveness was highly dependent on state and frequency band, with slower frequencies exhibiting phase-driven responsiveness, while faster ones depending more on network synchrony. Importantly, optimal nodes for transitioning between brain states are not defined by functional labels but rather by their dynamical regime. These results emphasise the value of mechanistic, personalised models for identifying when and where to stimulate the brain, and may help inform more precise brain-stimulation strategies.

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bioRxiv2025

Shared and modality-specific brain networks underlying predictive coding of temporal sequences

Predictive coding posits that the brain continuously generates and updates internal models to anticipate incoming sensory input. While auditory and visual modalities have been studied independently in this context, direct comparisons using matched paradigms are scarce. Here, we employed magnetoencephalography (MEG) to investigate how the brain of 83 participants encodes and consciously recognises temporally unfolding sequences that acquire Gestalt-like structure over time, a feature rarely addressed in cross-modal research. Participants memorised matched auditory and visual sequences with coherent temporal structure and later identified whether test sequences were familiar or novel. Multivariate decoding revealed robust discrimination between the brain mechanisms underlying encoding and recognition of memorised and novel sequences, with sustained temporal generalisation in the auditory domain and time-specific responses in the visual domain. Using the BROAD-NESS pipeline, we identified modality-specific and supramodal brain networks. Auditory memory engaged auditory cortex, cingulate gyrus, and hippocampus, whereas visual memory involved orbitofrontal cortex and visual areas. Notably, both modalities recruited a shared network including hippocampus and medial cingulate during recognition. These findings provide compelling evidence for distinct and shared predictive learning mechanisms across sensory systems, advancing our understanding of how the brain integrates and evaluates temporally structured, Gestalt-like information.

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bioRxiv2025

FREQ-NESS reveals age-related differences in frequency-resolved brain networks during auditory recognition and resting state

Understanding how brain networks operate across different frequencies during cognitive tasks, and how these dynamics change with age, remains a central challenge in cognitive neuroscience. While previous studies have focused on resting-state activity and passive listening, less is known about frequency-specific brain dynamics during event-related tasks that require active memory engagement. In this study, we extend the recently developed FREQ-NESS analytical pipeline by adapting it to event-related task and resting state source-reconstructed magnetoencephalography (MEG) data from 70 healthy participants. This method quantified the variance explained by frequency-specific brain networks, their spatial organization, and associated time-resolved power estimates. We found significant effects of age, condition, and their interaction in the variance explained by leading components at 1.07 Hz, 2.86 Hz, and 10.00 Hz. Younger adults exhibited stronger peaks at 1.07 and 2.86 Hz during the task and a more pronounced 10.00 Hz peak at rest, whereas older adults showed the opposite pattern. Time-frequency analysis revealed age- and condition-dependent desynchronization in the alpha and beta bands (7.10-22.90 Hz). These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the adapted FREQ-NESS pipeline for event-related tasks and highlight the importance of frequency-resolved network analysis for characterizing age-related changes in active auditory memory processing.

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bioRxiv2025

It takes experience to tango: Experienced cochlear implantusers show cortical evoked potentials to naturalistic music

Approximately 30% of cochlear implant (CI) users report that restoring their ability to enjoy music is a primary goal. However, music perception in CI users has mostly been investigated in controlled laboratory settings using simplified stimuli, such as pure tones or monophonic melodies. There is an increasing interest in developing objective measures of CI outcomes in everyday listening situations, particularly in music listening, which involves complex stimuli rich in timbre, pitch, rhythm, and overlapping sounds. One promising approach is to measure cortical auditory evoked responses (ERs) in CI users. We investigated whether ERs to sound on-sets in a naturalistic four-minute music piece could be measured in adult CI users (N: 25; ages 18-80; CI experience: 0.3-14 years). We assumed that the accumulation of CI experience might be reflected in the morphology of the ERs. The results confirmed that P2 responses to sound onsets embedded in a whole piece of music can be detected in experienced CI users. Compared to a control group with normal hearing, the CI users showed P2 responses with lower amplitudes and longer latencies. Exploratory linear regression models suggested that the logarithmic duration of CI experience significantly predicted both perceived quality of musical sounds and P2 amplitude, explaining 38% and 28% of the variance, respectively. The findings suggest that music perception outcomes may continue to improve for up to 2-4 years post-implantation. Altogether, the results are consistent with the use of ERs to track CI adaptation to music listening.

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bioRxiv2025

Neural oscillatory dynamics in joint action: distinct contributions of entrainment and beta modulation to self/other integration

Temporal coordination plays a pivotal role in human activities, enabling effective communication and collaboration. Yet, the neural mechanisms supporting this ability remain poorly understood. Recent research suggests that synchronized beta modulation across individual brains, as measured via EEG hyperscanning, may reflect a shared sensorimotor framework underpinning interpersonal synchronization. Building on the idea that self-other integration is a key mechanism in this process, behavioral studies have shown that adopting a partners first-person visual perspective (1P) enhances interpersonal coordination, as opposed to the natural second-person perspective (2P). Here, we used the body-swap illusion in immersive virtual reality to directly manipulate embodied perspective and investigate its neural consequences. Specifically, we examined how this illusion modulates beta activity and neural entrainment during joint rhythmic action. Forty participants (N=40), randomly paired into twenty dyads, performed a joint finger-tapping task while wearing head-mounted displays for immersive virtual environments. In coupled conditions, the visual scene was manipulated so that participants viewed their partners hand from a 1P perspective, as if it belonged to their own body, or from a natural 2P perspective. In uncoupled control conditions, participants saw their own hand in 1P and 2P, without perceiving any information about their partners tapping. EEG hyperscanning revealed that both neural entrainment (measured as the convergence of low-frequency oscillations) and beta modulation (changes in [~]20 Hz power linked to partner- generated movements) occurred in 1P and 2P visually coupled conditions. However, only beta modulation was selectively enhanced when participants experienced their partners hand from a 1P perspective. These findings suggest that while neural entrainment reflects a general mechanism for tracking a partners rhythmic behavior, beta modulation specifically supports the integration of the others effector into ones bodily representation.

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