Radiotherapy induces persistent innate immune reprogramming of microglia into a primed state
More than half of all brain tumour survivors experience debilitating and often progressive cognitive decline after treatment with radiotherapy. Microglia, the resident macrophages in the brain, have been implicated in this decline. In response to various insults microglia can develop innate immune memory (IIM), which can either enhance (priming) or repress (tolerance) the response to subsequent inflammatory challenges. Here, we investigated whether radiation affects the IIM of microglia by irradiating the brains of rats and later exposing them to a secondary inflammatory stimulus. Comparative transcriptomic profiling and protein validation of microglia isolated from irradiated rats showed a stronger immune response to a secondary inflammatory insult demonstrating that radiation can lead to long-lasting molecular reprogramming of microglia. Transcriptomic analysis of post-mortem normal-appearing non-tumour brain tissue of glioblastoma patients indicates that radiation-induced microglial priming is conserved in humans. Targeting microglial priming after radiotherapy or avoiding further inflammatory insults could decrease radiotherapy-induced neurotoxicity.