Biology subjects

Vitriol, E. A.

Publications and source records attributed to Vitriol, E. A..

7 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

Proteomic profiling of cytoskeletal interactomes using MT-ID and Act-ID.

The microtubule and actin cytoskeletons form dynamic, interconnected networks that are critical for eukaryotic cell function. These networks govern intracellular organization, cargo transport, cell migration, and tissue morphogenesis. Microtubules and actin filaments are regulated by diverse binding proteins that control many aspects of their function. However, identifying cytoskeletal-interacting proteins has been challenging due to the transient and weak nature of many interactions and the disruption of native architecture by conventional biochemical approaches. These limitations suggest that numerous physiologically relevant cytoskeletal regulators remain undiscovered. Identifying these factors requires novel and sensitive methodologies that can capture cytoskeletal interactions under native cellular conditions. Here, we present MT-ID and Act-ID, powerful proximity-labeling tools for identifying microtubule and actin-interacting proteins, respectively. MT-ID employs the microtubule-binding domain of MAP7 (EMTB) fused to TurboID, a highly active promiscuous biotin ligase. Act-ID utilizes the actin-binding domain of ITPKA (F-tractin) similarly fused to TurboID. We validate both approaches by successfully identifying numerous known cytoskeletal regulators and discovering potentially novel interacting proteins. Functional characterization reveals that LIMCH1 is a previously unrecognized microtubule-associated protein whose depletion increases microtubule density. Additionally, we identify FBXO30 as a novel actin-interacting protein, with its loss promoting increased focal adhesion formation. MT-ID and Act-ID will be useful not only to identify cytoskeletal interacting proteins but also to define changes to the cytoskeletal interactome when cells are exposed to changing physiological conditions.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2025

SiR-XActin: A fluorescent probe for imaging actin dynamics in live cells

Imaging actin-dependent processes in live cells is important for understanding numerous biological processes. However, currently used natural-product based fluorescent probes for actin filaments affect the dynamics of actin polymerization and can induce undesired cellular phenotypes. Here, we introduce SiR-XActin, a simplified jasplakinolide-based, far-red fluorescent probe that enables bright and photostable staining in various cell types without requiring genetic modifications. Due to its relatively weak binding affinity, the probe exhibits minimal cytotoxicity and labels actin filaments without significantly altering actin dynamics. Furthermore, SiR-XActin is suitable for time-resolved, live-cell super-resolution STED microscopy. Exchanging the SiR fluorophore in SiR-XActin for other fluorophores yields probes in different colors. All these properties make SiR-XActin and its analogs powerful tools for studying actin dynamics using live-cell fluorescence microscopy.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2024

Endothelial Drp1 Couples VEGF-induced Redox Signaling with Glycolysis Through Cysteine Oxidation to Drive Angiogenesis

Angiogenesis plays a vital role for postnatal development and tissue repair following ischemia. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by NADPH oxidases (NOXes) and mitochondria act as signaling molecules that promote angiogenesis in endothelial cells (ECs) which mainly relies on aerobic glycolysis for ATP production. However, the connections linking redox signaling with glycolysis are not well understood. The GTPase Drp1 is a member of the dynamin superfamily that moves from cytosol to mitochondria through posttranslational modifications to induce mitochondrial fission. The role of Drp1 in ROS-dependent VEGF signaling and angiogenesis in ECs has not been previously described. Here, we identify an unexpected function of endothelial Drp1 as a redox sensor, transmitting VEGF-induced H2O2 signals to enhance glycolysis and angiogenesis. Loss of Drp1 expression in ECs inhibited VEGF-induced angiogenic responses. Mechanistically, VEGF rapidly induced the NOX4-dependent sulfenylation (CysOH) of Drp1 on Cys644, promoting disulfide bond formation with the metabolic kinase AMPK and subsequent sulfenylation of AMPK at Cys299/304 via the mitochondrial fission-mitoROS axis. This cysteine oxidation of AMPK, in turn, enhanced glycolysis and angiogenesis. In vivo, mice with EC-specific Drp1 deficiency or CRISPR/Cas9-engineered "redox-dead" (Cys to Ala) Drp1 knock-in mutations exhibited impaired retinal angiogenesis and post-ischemic neovascularization. Our findings uncover a novel role for endothelial Drp1 in linking VEGF-induced mitochondrial redox signaling to glycolysis through a cysteine oxidation-mediated Drp1-AMPK redox relay, driving both developmental and reparative angiogenesis.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2023

Control of microtubules in neuronal processes by profilin 1 and actomyosin

Microtubules, intermediate filaments, and actin are cytoskeletal polymer networks found within the cell. While each has unique functions, all the cytoskeletal elements must work together for cellular mechanics to be fully operative. This is achieved through crosstalk mechanisms whereby the different networks influence each other through signaling pathways and direct interactions. Because crosstalk can be complex, it is possible for perturbations in one cytoskeletal element to affect the others in ways that are difficult to predict. Here we investigated how long-term changes to the actin cytoskeleton affect microtubules and intermediate filaments. Reducing F-actin or actomyosin contractility increased acetylated microtubules and intermediate filament expression, with the effect being significantly more pronounced in neuronal processes. Changes to microtubules were completely reversible if F-actin and myosin activity is restored. Moreover, the altered microtubules in neuronal processes resulting from F-actin depletion caused significant changes to microtubule-based transport, mimicking phenotypes that are linked to neurodegenerative disease. Thus, defects in actin dynamics cause a compensatory response in other cytoskeleton components which profoundly alters cellular function.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2023

The actin binding protein profilin 1 is critical for mitochondria function

Profilin 1 (PFN1) is an actin binding protein that is vital for the polymerization of monomeric actin into filaments. Here we screened knockout cells for novel functions of PFN1 and discovered that mitophagy, a type of selective autophagy that removes defective or damaged mitochondria from the cell, was significantly upregulated in the absence of PFN1. Despite successful autophagosome formation and fusion with the lysosome, and activation of additional mitochondrial quality control pathways, PFN1 knockout cells still accumulate damaged, dysfunctional mitochondria. Subsequent imaging and functional assays showed that loss of PFN1 significantly affects mitochondria morphology, dynamics, and respiration. Further experiments revealed that PFN1 is located to the mitochondria matrix and is likely regulating mitochondria function from within rather than through polymerizing actin at the mitochondria surface. Finally, PFN1 mutants associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) fail to rescue PFN1 knockout mitochondrial phenotypes and form aggregates within mitochondria, further perturbing them. Together, these results suggest a novel function for PFN1 in regulating mitochondria and identify a potential pathogenic mechanism of ALS-linked PFN1 variants.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2023

Non-muscle myosin 2 filaments are processive in cells

Directed transport of cellular components is often dependent on the processive movements of cytoskeletal motors. Myosin 2 motors predominantly engage actin filaments of opposing orientation to drive contractile events, and are therefore not traditionally viewed as processive. However, recent in vitro experiments with purified non-muscle myosin 2 (NM2) demonstrated myosin 2 filaments could move processively. Here, we establish processivity as a cellular property of NM2. Processive runs in central nervous system-derived CAD cells are most apparent as processive movements on bundled actin in protrusions that terminate at the leading edge. We find that processive velocities in vivo are consistent with in vitro measurements. NM2 makes these processive runs in its filamentous form against lamellipodia retrograde flow, though anterograde movement can still occur in the absence of actin dynamics. Comparing the processivity of NM2 isoforms, we find that NM2A moves slightly faster than NM2B. Finally, we demonstrate that this is not a cell-specific property, as we observe processive-like movements of NM2 in the lamella and subnuclear stress fibers of fibroblasts. Collectively, these observations further broaden NM2 functionality and the biological processes in which the already ubiquitous motor can contribute.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2019

Profilin 1 Controls the Assembly, Organization, and Dynamics of Leading Edge Actin Structures Through Internetwork Competition and Collaboration

How actin monomers are distributed to different networks remains poorly understood. One emerging concept is that the monomer pool is limited and heterogenous, causing biased assembly and internetwork competition. However, most knowledge regarding monomer distribution comes from studies where competing networks are discrete. In metazoans, many actin-based structures are complex, containing competing networks that overlap and are functionally interdependent. Addressing how monomers control the assembly and organization of these complex structures is critical to understanding how actin functions in cells. Here, we identify the monomer-binding protein profilin 1 (PFN1) as a major determinant of actin assembly, organization, and network homeostasis in mammalian cells. At the leading edge, PFN1 controls the localization and activity of the assembly factors Arp2/3 and Mena/VASP, with discrete stages of internetwork competition and collaboration occurring at different PFN1 concentrations. This causes substantial changes to leading edge actin architecture and the types of structures that form there.

cell biology↗