Velho, N. | bioRxiv Science

bioRxiv2022

Beyond the metropolis: Street tree densities and resident perceptions on ecosystem services in small urban centers in India

The role of urban street trees has been extensively studied in large metropolises, where they contribute significantly to faunal habitat, provide critical ecosystem services to residents and contribute to human well-being. On the other hand, rapidly urbanizing cities in India have been poorly studied, despite multiple types of irreplaceable losses related to tree cover. However, being early in their urbanization history, these centers also represent opportunity for urban sustainability with potentially high remnant vegetation and human-nature connections. While megacities in developed countries move towards biophilic urban planning and participatory decision making, basic information on tree communities and their perceived services is a bottleneck in achieving these goals in such small urban centers. We assessed the street tree community and resident perceptions of ecosystem service values in Kochi and Panjim, two coastal cities in India under rapid development, through a combination of field measurements (258 transects, 931 trees) and semi-structured interviews (497 individuals). We found that mean street tree density is low in both cities, especially so in Kochi, and corresponds to perceptions of recent change in tree cover (-28% in Kochi, -11% in Panjim). The street tree community in both cities were dominated by ornamental avenue trees such as Albizia saman and Peltophorum pterocarpum, but native coastal species like Cocos nucifera, Terminalia catappa and Thespesia populnea were also common. Despite recent urban growth, residents in both cities reported low value of trees for food, fodder and medicine, but high value for regulating services like shade and water. Moreover, we found strong evidence for aesthetic and cultural values of trees in both cities, including through qualitative interviews. Our study establishes critical baselines for biophilic planning in these small urban centers towards urban sustainability.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2021

Key informant perceptions on wildlife hunting in India during the COVID-19 lockdown

Lockdowns intended to control the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in major socioeconomic upheavals across the world. While there were numerous reports of these lockdowns benefiting wildlife by reducing human movement and habitat disturbance, increased hunting during these lockdowns emerged as a conservation concern, particular in tropical Asia and Africa. We used online interviews with key informants including wildlife researchers, enforcement staff and NGO employees (N=99), and media reports (N=98), to examine the impacts of Indias COVID-19 lockdown (March-May 2020) on wildlife hunting across the country. We asked whether and how hunting patterns changed during the lockdown, and explored socioeconomic and institutional factors underlying these changes. Over half the interviewees spread over 43 administrative districts perceived hunting (mammals, in particular) to have increased during the lockdown relative to a pre-lockdown reference period. Interviewees identified household consumption (53% of respondents) and sport and recreation (34%) as main motivations for hunting during the lockdown, and logistical challenges for enforcement (36%), disruption of food supply (32%), and need for recreational opportunities (32%) as key factors associated with hunting during this period. These insights were corroborated by statements by experts extracted from media articles. Collectively, our findings suggest that the COVID-19 lockdown potentially increased hunting across much of India, and emphasize the role of livelihood and food security in mitigating threats to wildlife during such periods of acute socioeconomic perturbation.

ecology↗