Shared neural geometries for bilingual semantic representations
The human brain has the remarkable ability to comprehend and express similar concepts in multiple languages. To understand how it does so, we examined responses of hippocampal neurons during passive listening, directed speaking, and spontaneous conversation, in both English and Spanish, in a small group of balanced bilinguals. We find a small number of putative cross-language neurons, whose responses to equivalent words (e.g., "tierra" and "earth") are correlated. However, neurons semantic tunings differed substantially by language, suggesting language-specific neural implementations. Instead, the crucial driver of translation was a preserved geometric organization of neural responses between the two languages, one that did not depend on neuron level functional overlap. Indeed, that geometry was implemented by a common set of neurons along distinct readout axes; this difference in readout may help prevent cross-language interference. Together, these results suggest that hippocampus encodes a language-independent internal model for meaning.