Biology subjects

Tshima, G. K.

Publications and source records attributed to Tshima, G. K..

5 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2019

Parasitology, Poverty and Prevention: is there any relationship between the three P? Is it possible to eradicate Parasitic diseases without eliminating Poverty?

ContextTalking about Poverty is not obvious without examples, I would like to understand the link between Parasitology, Poverty and Prevention (the three P). I explain the three P by saying that there is four level of knowledge in Parasitology and the fourth level is the integration with other disciplines including virology with preventive measures, nutrition aspects with denutrition leading by some parasites as Ascaris, economy involving patients income and Poverty. As a reminder, the first level in Parasitology is the knowledge of the parasitic cycle with an emphasis on the mode of contamination, the second level is that of the implementation of technical or diagnostic means to identify the parasite in the laboratory or the bench and the third level is that of treating infected cases diagnosed in the laboratory. ObjectiveThe objective of this work is to contribute to reach the first sustainable development goal i.e. no Poverty. Specifically, this manuscript aimed to evaluate poverty with the protective measures against the harmful effects of mosquitoes that contribute to the quality of care given to patients of the University Hospital of Kinshasa (UHK). FindingsResidual mosquito capture, carried out in 31 randomly selected rooms per block and per level in hospital departments, presented the number of 1,144 female mosquitoes (845 Culex, 207 Anopheles and 62 Aedes). Overall considered, the Mean Mosquito Density (MMD) was 36.2 / mosquito per room (6.9 Anopheles / room, 29.1 Culex / room and 2.1 Aedes / room with an extreme between 0 and 144 mosquitoes / room. The lowest MMD (6.2 mosquitoes / room) was observed in Block II (clinical biology and microbiology laboratories, delivery and private hospitalization rooms) compared to other hospital blocks that had the highest MMD and statistically identical (ranging between 29.2 and 45.5 mosquitoes / room). Our observations give a good idea of Poverty inside this hospital and where to concentrate in the prevention of malaria transmission within the hospital. Regardless of the block considered, it was the ground floor with an MMD of 52.8 mosquitoes / room which were the most dangerous places compared with the first and second floors with MMD respectively 17.6 and 25.6 mosquitoes / room. ConclusionIn conclusion, the insufficiency of the UHK anti-mosquito measures was obvious. These should be applied without delay to prevent the risk of infection transmission by mosquitoes, even within the hospital, of hepatitis B virus and strains of Plasmodium falciparum, sometimes highly virulent, which may be concentrated there. LimitsWe were on the right track and this study needs more research because of its limitations: we investigate and did not find if any of the mosquitoes collected were infected; we did not investigate if the hospital had any patients with a mosquito transmitted disease in the rooms where the mosquitoes were collected. RecommendationThe recommendation is if it is not possible to eradicate parasitic diseases as malaria without eliminating poverty, then we need to eliminate them both.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2019

What is the explanation for Plasmodium vivax malarial recurrence? Experience of Parasitology Unit of Kinshasa University Hospital of 1982-1983 and 2000-2009

Context and ObjectivesMicroscopy is needed for a study involving the surveillance data of a species like P. vivax, the most widespread in Asia and almost non-existent species in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The use of microscopy and rapid diagnostics tests (RDTs) approaches are recommended for malaria test. Considering the advantages and disadvantages of the two, microscopy is more suitable for effective identification of presence of malaria parasites for the surveillance data of P. vivax and other species. Rapid diagnostics tests fit better for P. falciparum. This study aimed to revise between the Microscopy and RDTs, which is better for used in city than in rural settings for the surveillance of Plasmodium vivax malarial recurrence in malaria-endemic areas and why? MethodsIt is a descriptive study of 19,746 laboratory data. The variables wanted were a positive thick drop and a thin smear with the plasmodial species. The analyzes were carried out based on prevalences and the software R was used to generate the figures. The standard threshold of statistical significance was set at 0.05. The ethics committee of the Department of Tropical Medicine approved this study. We were using microscopes as our diagnostic tools for malaria surveillance data in the Parasitology Unit. RDTs are the quickest way to detect and diagnose malaria. It is something that could be easily operated. It can be home-based for everyone depending his understand the principles of how it works. It is also effective and time management. Therefore, this can be used in rural areas because it will be fast to attend to many people. But it has its own limitations because of the differentiation of species. And it not detects P. vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae. ResultsFrom 100% malaria-positive samples, 98.83% were positive for P. falciparum, 0.88% were positive for P. malariae, 0.063% were positive for P. ovale, 0.01% was positive for P. vivax. There were co-infections P. falciparum-P. malariae representing 0.2%. November 2001 had the high number of positive samples. ConclusionsP. vivax at 0.01% highlights that it is an unknown species in the DRC. P. malariae at 1% advances our understanding of microscopy utility in the diagnosis of renal failure. P. falciparum at 98.83% highlights that it remains the most prevalent species. Efforts for malaria control should be focus on the rain months. Microscopes are effective. Depending on the accurate functionality of the tool and the expertise skill of the technician or scientist. Disadvantages are the facts that it is time consuming. And demands high intellectual understanding of the use of microscopy. Not everyone could operate a microscope. Before you view under the microscope you must prepare the slide and stain to be able to view. All these are long processes. Therefore, microscopy may have lower opportunity to be used in a rural area because of the complexity, the population and time. Microscopy has advantages to be important to use in rural areas because of its accuracy and the ability to detect Plasmodiums species than the RDTs.

epidemiology↗

bioRxiv2019

More accuracy estimation of the worm burden in the ascariasis of children in Kinshasa

The present study aims to give a better estimate of the worm burden (ascariasis) to address accurately the impact of intestinal parasitosis on the children growth in Africa. The study was conducted on 20 subjects aged 10 months to 10 years (Mean {+/-} SD: 5.6 {+/-} 2.3 years). They were treated with 10 mg/kg of Pyrantel pamoate. The next day, the stools were collected, washed and filtered to harvest all adult ascaris. In total, 141 ascaris (71 males and 70 females) were extracted for 879.9 g of stool. The geometric mean of eggs counted was 29 by 2 mg of stool. The daily eggs laying per female was estimated to 202,500 eggs/days (CI95%: 128,800 - 276,200). Statistical analysis shows that the parasitic worm burden was proportional both to the number eggs counted per unit of stool volume, and to age of infested subject. A regression model based on these two parameters, with a coefficient of determination equal to 59 %, was retained. Thus, for an old subject respectively of 1, 5 and 10 years, at which 1 egg of ascaris in approximately 2 mg of a preparation would lodge a respective parasitic mass of 1, 3 and 9 g. The results are in the form of confidence interval. For example, for a 5 years old subject with an average of 10 eggs (CI95% = 5.6 - 14.4) after reading of 2 separated preparations coming from the same specimen, the estimated parasitic load is laying between 7 and 11 g.

epidemiology↗

bioRxiv2019

The reconstitution of body mass index in HIV positive subjects under antiretroviral treatment in Kinshasa

ObjectiveWe aimed to evaluate BMI changes in HIV adults subjects in the first year of ART in malaria endemic areas.\n\nMethodsWe used linear regression analysis showing that the change in weight at 12 months (y) in a malaria-endemic area is related to malaria infection at admission and its different episodes as illustrated by equation: y = a + bxi + {varepsilon}, where x is malaria on admission, i refers to episodes of clinical malaria infection during the year, b is the slope, a is a constant and {varepsilon} are confounding factors such as tuberculosis or poor eating habits.\n\nResultsWe found a positive value for b (b = 0.697), and this shows that weight loss at 12 months is correlated with the diagnosis of severe malaria at admission. In other words, severe malaria eliminates the weight gained under ART.\n\nConclusionsO_LIMalaria is the leading cause of weight loss under ART.\nC_LIO_LIImportant recommendation for future:\nC_LI\n\nThis study suggests nutritional education based on local foods containing antioxidants to fight the oxidative stress generated by HIV and stimulated by Plasmodium falciparum during febrile episodes. Oxidative stress is blocked by NADPHase which is a metalloenzyme based on selenium.\n\nThus, to prevent a weight loss or the occurrence of the protein-energy malnutrition among people living with HIV, it is necessary to use the nutritional education.\n\nResumeO_ST_ABSObjectifC_ST_ABSNous voulions evaluer les modifications de lIMC chez les patients VIH adultes au cours de la premiere annee du traitement antiretroviral dans une zone dendemie palustre\n\nMateriel et MethodesNous avons utilise une analyse de regression lineaire montrant que la variation de poids a 12 mois (y) dans une zone dendemie palustre est liee a linfection palustre a ladmission et a ses differents episodes, comme lillustre lequation suivante: y = a + bxi + {varepsilon}, ou x est le paludisme a ladmission, i les episodes de paludisme clinique survenus au cours de lannee, b est la pente, a est une constante et {varepsilon} sont des facteurs de confusion tels que la tuberculose ou de mauvaises habitudes alimentaires..\n\nResultatsNous avons trouve une valeur positive pour b (b = 0,697), ce qui montre que la perte de poids a 12 mois est en correlation avec le diagnostic de paludisme grave a ladmission. En dautres termes, le paludisme grave elimine le poids gagne sous traitement antiretroviral.\n\nConclusionsO_LILe paludisme est la principale cause de perte de poids sous ARV.\nC_LIO_LIRecommandation importante pour lavenir : Cette etude suggere une education nutritionnelle basee sur des aliments locaux contenant des anti-oxydants pour lutter contre le stress oxydatif genere par le VIH et stimule par le Plasmodium falciparum lors des poussees febriles. Le stress oxydatif est bloque par la NADPHase qui est une metalloenzyme a base de selenium. Ainsi, il est necessaire dutiliser leducation nutritionnelle pour prevenir la perte du poids sous ARV.\nC_LI

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2019

Inquiry in Ridding the Democratic Republic of the Congo of sleeping sickness, a dream at our fingertips: comparing to the Epidemiology of human African trypanosomiasis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 2002-2003

BackgroundIn the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the international support was suddenly withdrawn after the massacre of students at the Lubumbashi University in May 1990. The interruption of the international aid from 1990 to 1991 would undoubtedly have a long-lasting negative effect on case load. So, the National Sleeping Sickness Control Programme--NSSCP (Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine) (PNLTHA) remains vulnerable without international aid. Currently, the number of reported new cases decreased. These achievements prove that the elimination of this neglected tropical disease is possible when there is a strong commitment of public authorities accompanied by scientific research centers, civil society and the private sector. Without international aid, sleeping sickness remains a formidable disease difficult to cure because it is depending on continued financial support and drug availability.\n\nObjectivesThe objectives of this work were: 1. to profile the incidence of new cases of human African trypanosomiasis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 2002 to 2003, depending on the stage of disease progression (stages 1 and 2); 2. Compare the evolution of this profile from one household to another; 3. Compare the rate of confirmed parasitological diagnosis with positive CATT; 4. Calculate the discrepancy rate between CATT+ and parasitological diagnosis. All the above objectives are aiming to sustain the efforts made for the adoption of the 2018 Francophonie resolution on the ridding of human African trypanosomiasis that may renewed donor interest, including the government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo because the control of HAT is completely dependent on international aid.\n\nMethodsResearch is necessary on how to rationalize control activities so that control programs can adopt the most effective and efficient strategies. To assess it, we analyzed epidemiologic data collected by PNLTHA from 2002 to 2003.\n\nResultsIn all endemic areas, 1,970,101 people were tested in 2002 and 2,311,507 people in 2003. The national average coverage of the total population tested (TPT) represents 16.20% of the exposed population among which 13,853 new cases were detected in 2002 and 11, 481 new cases detected in 2003 with the national average coverage of the population tested that represents 19.10 %.\n\nConclusionIn short, we said that the number of people already infected is probably higher than the new cases reported in 2003. We are still far from the situation of 1958/60 when there was 1 new case declared by 10,000 people tested (i.e. 1,100 new cases out of 13,000,000 people screen). Therefore, the Congolese government must make long-term financial commitments to ensure the continuity of HAT control activities.\n\nAuthor summaryFor the past three decades, the frequency of sleeping sickness tends to become a large in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This paper reviews the status of sleeping sickness in DRC between 2002 and 2003, with a focus on stage patterns. Epidemiological trends at the national and provincial level are presented. Today, this deadly fly-borne disease threatens more than 65 million people worldwide and most of the reported cases (more than 8 out of 10) are in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Fortunately, after decades of hard work, we have never been so close to eradicating sleeping sickness in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In 2009, the number of reported cases fell below 10,000, the first in half a century. In 2015, only 2,804 cases had been listed. The Democratic Republic of the Congo is determined to eradicate the disease by 2020, paving the way for its global eradication. Thanks to these decades of work. I submit this inquiry to recognize also the work that my last mentor coauthor of this search did, he hold his doctorate on this disease. This submission is an appropriate way I found to honor and keep the memory of my supervisor who passed away! In advance, many thanks for your best understanding of this particular circumstance. From my last mentor work, we have never been so close to the definitive elimination of sleeping sickness. The number of reported new cases decreased from 26,318 in 1998 to 11,481 in 2003 and later to 2,804 in 2015. These achievements prove that the elimination of neglected tropical diseases is possible when there is a strong commitment of public authorities accompanied by scientific research centers, civil society and the private sector.

epidemiology↗