Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus Whole-Genome Diversity Reveals Divergence of Contemporary Populations in the United States
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) was introduced into the United States (USA) in 2013 and has circulated ever since. PEDV causes significant losses in the swine industry, with the greatest impact observed during the first years following its introduction into the country. However, the evolutionary dynamics of the virus remain underexplored. Recently, analyses of the Spike protein subunit S1 suggested that the PEDV population currently circulating in the USA represents a fraction of its historical diversity and comprises only two clades restricted to specific geographic regions. These observations were based on a limited set of S1 sequences. Furthermore, our understanding of evolutionary dynamics at the genomic level is even more limited, as complete PEDV genomes have not been generated since 2017. Here, we characterized the evolutionary dynamics of PEDV populations in the USA using complete genomes and assessed the contribution of different evolutionary mechanisms to shaping population structure. We analyzed 338 complete genomes, of which 25 were obtained in this study, together with 623 Spike S1 sequences, of which 41 were obtained in this study. All sequences obtained in this study were assigned to the non-S-INDEL strain. No S-INDEL sequences were recovered in this study, although these viruses continue to circulate in the country. Our analyses revealed that most sequences sampled after 2023 formed a monophyletic clade divergent from sequences collected in previous years, suggesting an ongoing temporal population structuring. Population structure analyses further supported evidence of population differentiation over time. Recombination analyses indicated that sequences belonging to the contemporary clade shared a single recombination event, suggesting that this clade may have emerged through recombination. Time-scaled S1 phylogenies were consistent with previous findings, supporting the circulation of only two contemporary clades; however, one of these clades was detected for the first time outside its previously reported geographic range. Our findings document temporal genetic differentiation in US PEDV populations, consistent with continued viral evolution, and broaden the known geographic distribution of contemporary S1 clades. These results highlight the value of continued genomic surveillance to monitor changes in PEDV diversity and distribution and provide sequence data to inform vaccine research.