Tissawak, A. | bioRxiv Science

bioRxiv2025

Organelle Development and Inheritance are Driven by Independent Nuclear and Organellar Mechanisms in Malaria Parasites

The apicoplast organelle of Plasmodium falciparum is essential for parasites replication, however the details of its biogenesis, inheritance and regulation throughout the cell cycle are unknown. Here, we report the development of a dynamic imaging platform coupled with an analytical pipeline that enables us to follow and measure subcellular structures throughout the 48-hour cell cycle of live parasites. We reveal a predetermined sequence of four discrete morphological steps in organelle development, which are tightly correlated with nuclear replication. We show that one of these steps, which we term the Crown morphology, is required for nucleus-apicoplast attachment. During Crown, apicoplast is stretched over multiple nuclei, fastened by centriolar tubulin. A complementary molecular approach was used to discover the basic ploidy of apicoplast and mitochondrial genomes, their replication rates and association with nuclear DNA replication. We inhibited nuclear DNA replication and found that it completely blocks apicoplast biogenesis in its most initial stages, demonstrating dependency on S-phase initiation. Conversely, specific inhibition of apicoplast genome replication resulted in an almost-undisturbed organelle development and division. However, it affected the Crown step, preventing association to tubulin-nuclear structures, leading to failure in accurate organelle sorting into daughter cells. Collectively, these experiments reveal a central cellular pathway linking apicoplast development to the parasites cell cycle, and a second independent organellar mechanism responsible for segregation into daughter cells.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2024

A Chaperonin Complex Regulates Organelle Proteostasis in Malaria Parasites

The apicoplast of Plasmodium parasites serves as a metabolic hub that synthesize essential biomolecules. Like other endosymbiotic organelles, 90% of the apicoplast proteome is encoded by the cell nucleus and transported to the organelle. Evidence suggests that the apicoplast has minimal control over the synthesis of its proteome and therefore it is unclear how organelle proteostasis is regulated. Here, we identified and investigated a large and conserved chaperonin (CPN) complex with a previously unknown function. Using genetic tools, we demonstrated that ablation of the apicoplast CPN60 subunit leads to parasite death due to organellar damage, immediately within its first replication cycle, deviating from the delayed death phenotype commonly observed for apicoplast translation inhibitors. Unlike its close orthologues in other prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, CPN60 is not upregulated during heat shock (HS) and does not affect HS response in the parasite. Instead, we found that it is directly involved in proteostasis through interaction with the Clp (caseinolytic protease) proteolytic complex. We showed that CPN60 physically binds both the active and inactive forms of the Clp complex, and manipulates its stability. A computational structural model of a possible interaction between these two large complexes suggests a stable interface. Finally, we screened a panel of inhibitors for the bacterial CPN60 orthologue GroEL, to test the potential of chaperonin inhibition as antimalarial. These inhibitors demonstrated an anti-Plasmodium activity that was not restricted to apicoplast function, with additional targets outsides of this organelle. Taken together, this work reveals how balanced activities of proteolysis and refolding safeguard the apicoplast proteome, and is essential for organelle biogenesis. Author SummaryThe cell of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum has a unique organelle called the apicoplast that produces essential metabolites, but it is unclear how it maintains a stable proteome. Here, we address the question of organelle proteostasis by investigating the function of a large chaperonin complex and its main subunit CPN60. We show that CPN60 mutants die due to organellar damage immediately within the first replication cycle, avoiding the typical apicoplast-delayed cell death. We demonstrate that it binds and stabilizes another large proteolytic complex and use computational predicting tools to demonstrate how a stable interface is attained. We use bacterial inhibitors to explore their potential as an antimalarial drug target. This study reveals how balanced refolding and proteolysis safeguard the apicoplast proteome and opens a new avenue for antimalarial drug discovery.

microbiology↗