Biology subjects

Tinoco, G.

Publications and source records attributed to Tinoco, G..

4 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2025

Epigenetic Modulation, Intra-tumoral Microbiome and Immunity in Early Onset Colorectal Cancer

BackgroundThe incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in young adults (age of diagnosis < 50 years old) has been rapidly increasing. Although [~]20% of early-onset (EO) CRC cases are due to germline mutations, the etiology of the majority of EOCRC cases remains poorly understood. Non-genetic factors such as environmental exposure and lifestyle changes are likely to have a direct link to the increased incidence of sporadic EOCRC. We hypothesize that such factors may be observable as differences in the EOCRC epigenome, microbiome and immunome. We sought to address this by comparing differences in DNA methylation from the cohort of colorectal cancer patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Further, we carefully identified intra-tumoral microbes from TCGA and two other datasets and then related the microbes to EOCRC status and deconvolved immune cell abundances. We found that DNA methylation (DNAm) age acceleration by12 years when compared with average-onset CRC (AOCRC) patients. Differentially methylated sites associated with genes are related to CREB signaling in neurons, G protein coupled receptor signaling, phagosome formation and S100 family signaling. These differences were validated in the gene expression from TCGA and a second, larger real-world dataset from the Oncology Research Information Exchange Network (ORIEN). However, no consistent differences were observed in the intra-tumor microbes between EOCRC and AOCRC. Interestingly, the most abundant microbes interacted with the immune systems differently between the EOCRC and AOCRC tumors, characterized by more, larger, positive correlations in EOCRC. These data suggest epigenetic modulation and accelerated aging may play a key role in the development of EOCRC. SIGNIFICANCEWe investigated whether environmentally driven factors contribute to early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC). We observed accelerated epigenetic aging in EOCRC and epigenetic changes associated with chronic inflammation. Tumor immune cell abundances correlated more strongly with microbes in EOCRC than average-onset CRC. These data suggest a dysregulation of immune response in EOCRC, driving chronic inflammation and tissue aging.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2023

The tumor microbiome reacts to hypoxia and can influence response to radiation treatment in colorectal cancer

Tumor hypoxia has been shown to predict poor patient outcomes in several cancer types, partially because it reduces radiations ability to kill cells. We investigated whether some of the clinical effects of hypoxia could also be due to its impact on the tumor microbiome. We examined the RNA-seq data from the Oncology Research Information Exchange Network (ORIEN) database of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients treated with radiotherapy. For each tumor, we identified microbial RNAs and related them to the hypoxic gene expression scores calculated from host mRNA. Our analysis showed that the hypoxia expression score predicted poor patient outcomes and identified tumors enriched with certain microbes such as Fusobacterium nucleatum. The presence of other microbes, such as Fusobacterium canifelinum, predicted poor patient outcomes, suggesting a potential interaction between hypoxia, the microbiome, and radiation response. To investigate this concept experimentally, we implanted CT26 CRC cells into both immune-competent BALB/c and immune-deficient athymic nude mice. After growth, where tumors passively acquired microbes from the gastrointestinal tract, we harvested tumors, extracted nucleic acids, and sequenced host and microbial RNAs. We stratified tumors based on their hypoxia score and performed metatranscriptomic analysis of microbial gene expression. In addition to hypoxia-trophic and -phobic microbial populations, analysis of microbial gene expression at the strain level showed expression differences based on the hypoxia score. Hypoxia appears to not only associate with different microbial populations but also elicit an adaptive transcriptional response in intratumoral microbes. SIGNIFICANCETumor hypoxia reduces radiations ability to kill cells. We explored whether some of the clinical effects of hypoxia could also be due to interaction with the tumor microbiome. Hypoxic expression scores associated with certain microbes and elicited an adaptive transcriptional response in others.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2023

The tumor microbiome as a predictor of outcomes in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors

Emerging evidence supports the important role of the tumor microbiome in oncogenesis, cancer immune phenotype, cancer progression, and treatment outcomes in many malignancies. In this study, we investigated the metastatic melanoma tumor microbiome and potential roles in association with clinical outcomes, such as survival, in patients with metastatic disease treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Baseline tumor samples were collected from 71 patients with metastatic melanoma before treatment with ICIs. Bulk RNA-seq was conducted on the formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor samples. Durable clinical benefit (primary clinical endpoint) following ICIs was defined as overall survival [≥]24 months and no change to the primary drug regimen (responders). We processed RNA-seq reads to carefully identify exogenous sequences using the {exotic}tool. The 71 patients with metastatic melanoma ranged in age from 24 to 83 years, 59% were male, and 55% survived >24 months following the initiation of ICI treatment. Exogenous taxa were identified in the tumor RNA-seq, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. We found differences in gene expression and microbe abundances in immunotherapy responsive versus non-responsive tumors. Responders showed significant enrichment of several microbes including Fusobacterium nucleatum, and non-responders showed enrichment of fungi, as well as several bacteria. These microbes correlated with immune-related gene expression signatures. Finally, we found that models for predicting prolonged survival with immunotherapy using both microbe abundances and gene expression outperformed models using either dataset alone. Our findings warrant further investigation and potentially support therapeutic strategies to modify the tumor microbiome in order to improve treatment outcomes with ICIs. SignificanceWe analyzed the tumor microbiome and interactions with genes and pathways in metastatic melanoma treated with immunotherapy, and identified several microbes associated with immunotherapy response and immune-related gene expression signatures. Machine learning models that combined microbe abundances and gene expression outperformed models using either dataset alone in predicting immunotherapy responses.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2023

A bioinformatics tool for identifying intratumoral microbes from the ORIEN dataset

Evidence supports significant interactions among microbes, immune cells, and tumor cells in at least 10-20% of human cancers, emphasizing the importance of further investigating these complex relationships. However, the implications and significance of tumor-related microbes remain largely unknown. Studies have demonstrated the critical roles of host microbes in cancer prevention and treatment responses. Understanding interactions between host microbes and cancer can drive cancer diagnosis and microbial therapeutics (bugs as drugs). Computational identification of cancer-specific microbes and their associations is still challenging due to the high dimensionality and high sparsity of intratumoral microbiome data, which requires large datasets containing sufficient event observations to identify relationships, and the interactions within microbial communities, the heterogeneity in microbial composition, and other confounding effects that can lead to spurious associations. To solve these issues, we present a bioinformatics tool, MEGA, to identify the microbes most strongly associated with 12 cancer types. We demonstrate its utility on a dataset from a consortium of 9 cancer centers in the Oncology Research Information Exchange Network (ORIEN). This package has 3 unique features: species-sample relations are represented in a heterogeneous graph and learned by a graph attention network; it incorporates metabolic and phylogenetic information to reflect intricate relationships within microbial communities; and it provides multiple functionalities for association interpretations and visualizations. We analyzed 2704 tumor RNA-seq samples and MEGA interpreted the tissue-resident microbial signatures of each of 12 cancer types. MEGA can effectively identify cancer-associated microbial signatures and refine their interactions with tumors. SIGNIFICANCEStudying the tumor microbiome in high-throughput sequencing data is challenging because of the extremely sparse data matrices, heterogeneity, and high likelihood of contamination. We present a new deep-learning tool, microbial graph attention (MEGA), to refine the organisms that interact with tumors.

bioinformatics↗