Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 inhibitors as oncogene signaling modulators in combination with targeted therapy for the treatment of colorectal cancer
BackgroundColorectal cancer (CRC) is the second deadliest cancer worldwide and new treatment options are urgently needed. Cyclin dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) promotes aberrant RNA transcription in cancer and is a promising target for cancer therapies. MethodsUsing CRC cell lines as well as newly established patient-derived organoid models of CRC, we studied the clinically promising CDK9 inhibitors (AZD4573, BAY1125152/VIP152/enitociclib, and NVP2) to determine their therapeutic potential. We investigated the efficacy and mechanisms of action through cell growth and cytotoxicity assays, RNAseq, immunoblotting, and IHC. ResultsWe found CDK9 inhibitors to be highly potent against CRC, through suppression of proliferation and induction of apoptosis. Our results demonstrated CDK9 inhibitors to be broadly active against a set of CRC models derived from a diverse patient population. Our mechanistic studies showed significant suppression of the Mitogen-active protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway due to CDK9 inhibitor treatment, suggesting that CDK9 inhibitor efficacy could be enhanced when combined with MAPK pathway inhibitors. As proof-of-concept, we found that CDK9 inhibitors and MEK inhibitors could be combined to synergistically suppress CRC growth and survival. ConclusionsCDK9 inhibitors show promising activity against patient-derived models of CRC. MAPK signaling is particularly suppressed by CDK9 inhibitors. Combining CDK9 inhibitors and targeted therapy against MAPK signaling pathway may be a viable strategy worthy of further investigation preclinically and clinically. State of translational relevanceNovel therapies for chemotherapy-refractory CRC remain urgently needed. Rapid validation of efficacy in appropriate translational models can provide the necessary rationale to test new therapies in clinical trials. Using newly established patient-derived organoids, we validate the preclinical efficacy of transcriptional CDK9 inhibitors against CRC. This is a therapeutic class that has been scarcely evaluated for efficacy against CRC. We found that CDK9 inhibitors potently inhibit patient-derived organoid models of CRC. Our mechanistic work also reveals that clinically achievable concentrations of CDK9 inhibitor treatment results in suppression of MAPK signaling. As proof-of-concept of the potential actionability of our findings, we demonstrate that CDK9 inhibitors can be combined with MEK inhibitors to synergistically suppress CRC growth. Our study provides new patient-derived CRC models as a resource available to others for therapeutic testing, as well as a roadmap for novel hypotheses about synergistic combination treatments using CDK9 inhibitors.