Genome-wide CRISPR screens reveal APR-246 (Eprenetapopt) triggers ferroptosis and inhibits iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis
The mechanisms by which cells respond and adapt to oxidative stress are largely unknown but are key to developing a rationale for cancer therapies that target antioxidant pathways. APR-246 is a mutant-p53 targeted therapeutic currently under clinical investigation in myeloid dysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia1. Whilst the mechanism of action of APR-246 is thought to be reactivation of wild-type p53 activity through covalent modification of cysteine residues in the core domain of mutant-p53 protein2,3, here we report that the anti-neoplastic capacity of APR-246 lies predominantly in the conjugation of free cysteine. Genome-wide CRISPR perturbation screening, metabolite profiling and proteomics in response to APR-246 treatment in mutant-p53 cancer cells highlighted the role of GSH and mitochondrial metabolism in determining APR-246 efficacy. APR-246 sensitivity was increased through loss of key enzymes in mitochondrial one-carbon metabolism, SHMT2 and MTHFD1L, due to diminished glycine supply for de novo GSH synthesis. Critically, we show that APR-246 induces iron-dependent, apoptotic machinery-independent cell death, ferroptosis. Whole-cell proteomics analyses indicated an upregulation of proteins involved in iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis (eg. FDX1). GSH, acetyl-CoA and NADH levels were also depleted in APR-246 treated cells. Importantly, we found that APR-246 inhibits iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis in the mitochondria of cancer cells through cysteine conjugation. This work not only details novel determinants of APR-246 activity in cancer cells, but also provides a clinical roadmap for targeting antioxidant pathways in tumours - beyond targeting mutant-p53 tumours. O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=104 SRC="FIGDIR/small/398867v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (16K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@11155f8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1231cb7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@324881org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@136146f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG