RESTORING CONNEXIN-36 FUNCTION IN DIABETOGENIC ENVIRONMENTS PRECLUDES MOUSE AND HUMAN ISLET DYSFUNCTION
The secretion of insulin from {beta}-cells in the islet of Langerhans is governed by a series of metabolic and electrical events, which can fail during the progression of type2 diabetes (T2D). {beta}-cells are electrically coupled via Cx36 gap junction channels, which coordinates the pulsatile dynamics of [Ca2+] and insulin release across the islet. Factors such as pro-inflammatory cytokines and free fatty acids disrupt gap junction coupling under invitro conditions. Here we test whether gap junction coupling and coordinated [Ca2+] dynamics are disrupted in T2D, and whether recovery of gap junction coupling can recover islet function. We examine islets from donors with T2D, from db/db mice, and islets treated with proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-, IL-1{beta}, IFN-{gamma}) or free fatty acids (palmitate). We modulate gap junction coupling using Cx36 over-expression or pharmacological activation via modafinil. We also develop a peptide mimetic (S293) of the c-terminal regulatory site of Cx36 designed to compete against its phosphorylation. Cx36 gap junction permeability and [Ca2+] dynamics were disrupted in islets from both human donors with T2D and db/db mice, and in islets treated with proinflammatory cytokines or palmitate. Cx36 over-expression, modafinil treatment and S293 peptide all enhanced Cx36 gap junction coupling and protected against declines in coordinated [Ca2+] dynamics. Cx36 over-expression and S293 peptide also reduced apoptosis induced by proinflammatory cytokines. Critically S293 peptide rescued gap junction coupling and [Ca2+] dynamics in islets from both db/db mice and a sub-set of T2D donors. Thus, recovering or enhancing Cx36 gap junction coupling can improve islet function in diabetes. KEY POINTS- Cx36 gap junction permeability and associated coordination of [Ca2+] dynamics is diminished in human type 2 diabetes (T2D) and mouse models of T2D. - Enhancing Cx36 gap junction permeability protects against disruptions to the coordination of [Ca2+] dynamics. - A novel peptide mimetic of the Cx36 c-terminal regulatory region protects against declines in Cx36 gap junction permeability. - Pharmacological elevation in Cx36 or Cx36 peptide mimetic recovers [Ca2+] dynamics and GSIS in human T2D and mouse models of T2D.