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Biology subjects

Srinivas, M.

Publications and source records attributed to Srinivas, M..

7 recordsLinked to original sources

FMed-Diffusion Federated Learning on Medical Image Diffusion

Medical data is not available for public access due to privacy concerns of the patients and the stakeholders trustworthiness. However, Artificial Intelligence, especially all deeplearning models, is data hungry and fails to produce clinically relevant results without much data. Moreover, augmentation strategies are deployed to overcome the less data hurdle. The promising future in this direction is generative AI augmented data. The chatGPT and DALLE2 have become commercial products leveraging the generative AI in Natural Language Processing and Computer Vision. The diffusion models have started giving many promising results in the generative AI in computer vision. And in medical imaging, they can potentially create synthetic data to augment the scarce dataset. Diffusion models coupled with federated learning can create synthetic data on a large scale without the need to violate data privacy. This synthetic dataset could be used for further training of deeplearning models without the issues of patients identity theft from reverse engineering data. A Federated Learning paradigm of diffusion models has been proposed to overcome this hurdle and its related challenges. Our work focuses on diffusion models in federated learning settings. We named our novel model FMedDiffusion or Federated Learning on Medical Image Diffusion. We trained our model under distributed federated settings imitating real world clinical settings. We have achieved impressive results over three medical image datasets, APTOS 2019 Blindness Detection, Retinal OCT Detection, and COVID CT Detection in the federated setting on par with the traditional training. Our model FMedDiffusion has achieved an FID score of 7.1821 on the APTOS 2019 Blindness Detection dataset, an FID score of 8.8154 on the Retinal OCT Detection dataset and an FID score of 7.4486 on the COVID CT Detection dataset.reverse engineering data. A Federated Learning paradigm of diffusion models has been proposed to overcome this hurdle and its related challenges. Our work focuses on diffusion models in federated learning settings. We named our novel model FMedDiffusion or Federated Learning on Medical Image Diffusion. We trained our model under distributed federated settings imitating real world clinical settings. We have achieved impressive results over three medical image datasets, APTOS 2019 Blindness Detection, Retinal OCT Detection, and COVID CT Detection in the federated setting on par with the traditional training. Our model FMedDiffusion has achieved an FID score of 7.1821 on the APTOS 2019 Blindness Detection dataset, an FID score of 8.8154 on the Retinal OCT Detection dataset, and an FID score of 7.4486 on the COVID CT Detection dataset.reverse engineering data. A Federated Learning paradigm of diffusion models has been proposed to overcome this hurdle and its related challenges. Our work focuses on diffusion models in federated learning settings. We named our novel model FMedDiffusion or Federated Learning on Medical Image Diffusion. We trained our model under distributed federated settings imitating real world clinical settings. We have achieved impressive results over three medical image datasets, APTOS 2019 Blindness Detection, Retinal OCT Detection, and COVID CT Detection in the federated setting on par with the traditional training. Our model FMedDiffusion has achieved an FID score of 7.1821 on the APTOS 2019 Blindness Detection dataset, an FID score of 8.8154 on the Retinal OCT Detection dataset, and an FID score of 7.4486 on the COVID CT Detection dataset.

neuroscience↗

Olive phenolic compounds, potent tankyrase 1 inhibitor exhibit anti colon cancer effects by blocking Wnt/β-catenin pathway

Colon cancer (CC) needs special attention to develop novel targets and therapeutic approaches, as the total number of morbidity and mortality is growing rapidly. Although Olive has been long reported for its anti-CC activities but the mode is not completely understood yet. Here, we targeted tankysare 1 (TNKS), an important mediator of the Wnt/{beta}-catenin pathway, crucial in colon carcinogenesis. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the mutation and copy number alterations of TNKS is found to be 12% whereas the proteins expression of TNKS is moderate to high in tumor groups vs normal in CC datasets. On the more, TNKS and its positively associated genes are found to be concomitant with several carcinogenesis related biological processes and signaling pathways. Further, three olive phytochemicals (apigenin, luteolin, and quercetin), which were shortlisted by employing filters like drug likeness and toxicity screening, molecular docking and finally molecular dynamics simulations, can target tankyrase 1. These ployphenols demonstrated cytotoxic effect in CC (HT-29) cells either alone or in combination. Further, these compounds successfully reduced {beta}-catenin level and its target genes (CCND1, CDK4, and MYC). Overall, inhibition of the Wnt/{beta}-catenin pathway by targeting tankyrase 1 was revealed as one of the anti-CC mechanisms of olive polyphenols.

cancer biology↗

Gestational exposure to bisphenol S induces microvesicular steatosis by promoting lipogenesis and inflammation in male rat offspring

Fetal exposure to endocrine-disrupting bisphenol A (BPA) showed a long-lasting programming effect on organ development and predisposed to the metabolic risk of adult diseases. However, limited data on developmental exposure to BPA-substitute bisphenol S (BPS) in predisposing liver metabolic disease is available. Here, the effects of BPS exposure were assessed on hepatic metabolism by examining adiposity and inflammation in the adipose and liver of the 90-day male offspring. Pregnant Wistar rats were exposed to BPA and BPS (0.0, 0.4, 4.0 {micro}g/kg bw) via gavage from gestational day 4 to 21. Prenatal BPS-exposed offspring exhibited a higher obesogenic effect than BPA, including changes in body weight, body fat, feed efficiency, and leptin signalling. The fasting blood glucose did not change, but BPS exposure elevated plasma corticosterone levels and adipocyte hypertrophy of the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) to a greater extent than BPA. Adipocyte hypertrophy was augmented by modulated expression of lipid uptake (PPAR{gamma}, FABP4), glucocorticoid (HSD11{beta}1), inflammation (IL6, IL1{beta}, CRP, COX2), oxidative stress (CHOP) and apoptotic (Caspase 3) mediators. Liver histology showed numerous lipid droplets, and hepatocyte ballooning, associated with upregulated expression of cholesterol, lipid biogenesis and glucocorticoid activators, indicating microvesicular steatosis in the prenatally BPS-exposed adult offspring. The upregulated PPAR, ADRP, and FGF21 expression and increased lipid peroxidation in the offsprings liver suggest metaflammation due to fetal exposure to BPS. Fetal BPS exposure demonstrated a more significant disruption in metabolism involving adiposity, liver fat, inflammation in excess, and predisposition to hepatic steatosis in the male offspring. HighlightsO_LIFetal BPS exposure exhibited enlarged and inflamed adipocytes more than BPA C_LIO_LIPrenatal BPS exposure induced excess lipid droplets & hepatocyte ballooning in liver C_LIO_LIIn utero exposure to BPS induces microvesicular steatosis in adult rats C_LI O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=128 SRC="FIGDIR/small/543354v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (20K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@89c53org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14f176borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@18a934corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@cc7af6_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG

developmental biology↗

FANGORN: A quality-checked and publicly available database of full-length 16S-ITS-23S rRNA operon sequences

Sequence comparison of 16S rRNA PCR amplicons is an established approach to taxonomically identify bacterial isolates and profile complex microbial communities. One potential application of recent advances in long-read sequencing technologies is to sequence entire rRNA operons and capture significantly more phylogenetic information than sequencing of the 16S rRNA (or regions thereof) alone, with the potential to increase the proportion of amplicons that can be reliably classified to lower taxonomic ranks. Here we describe FANGORN (Full-length Amplicons for the Next Generation Of rRNa analysis), a publicly available database of quality-checked 16S-ITS-23S rRNA operons, accompanied by multiple taxonomic classifications. FANGORN will aid researchers in analysis of their data and act as a standardised database to allow comparison of results between studies.

bioinformatics↗

Myopia alters the structural organization of the retinal astrocyte template, associated vasculature and ganglion layer thickness.

PurposeTo describe the effect of myopic eye growth on the structure and distribution of astrocytes, vasculature and ganglion cell thickness, critical for inner retinal tissue homeostasis and survival. MethodsAstrocyte and capillary distribution, retinal nerve fiber (RNFL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL) thicknesses were assessed using immunochemistry and spectral domain optical coherence tomography on eleven retinas of juvenile common marmosets (Callithrix Jacchus), six of which were induced with lens-induced myopia (refraction, Rx: -7.01{+/-}1.8D). Five untreated age-matched juvenile marmoset retinas were used as controls (Rx: -0.74{+/-}0.4D). ResultsAs control marmoset eyes grew normally, there was an age-related increase in astrocyte numbers associated with RNFL thickening. Marmosets with induced myopia did not show this trend and, on the contrary, had reduced astrocyte numbers, increased positive GFAP immunopositive staining, thinner RNFL, lower peripheral capillary branching, and increased numbers of string vessels. ConclusionThe myopic changes in retinal astrocytes, vasculature, and ganglion cell layer thickness suggest a reorganization of the astrocyte and vascular templates during myopia development and progression. Whether these adaptations are beneficial or harmful to the retina remains to be investigated. Summary StatementThis article provides new information on how progressive myopia affects key elements of the retinal neurovascular unit.

developmental biology↗

Multiplex immunohistochemistry differences between Q fever and atherosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysms indicate immune suppression

BackgroundChronic Q fever is a zoonosis caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii which can manifest as infection of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Antibiotic therapy often fails, resulting in severe morbidity and high mortality. Whereas previous studies have focused on inflammatory processes in blood, the aim of this study was to investigate local inflammation in aortic tissue. MethodsMultiplex immunohistochemistry was used to investigate local inflammation in Q fever AAAs compared to atherosclerotic AAAs in aorta tissue specimen. Two six-plex panels were used to study both the innate and adaptive immune system. ResultsQ fever AAAs and atherosclerotic AAAs contained similar numbers of CD68+ macrophages and CD3+ T cells. However, in Q fever AAAs the number of CD68+CD206+ M2 macrophages was increased, while expression of GM-CSF was decreased compared to atherosclerotic AAAs. Furthermore, Q fever AAAs showed an increase in both the number of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and CD3+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. Lastly, Q fever AAAs did not contain any well-defined granulomas. ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate that despite the presence of pro-inflammatory effector cells, there is an immune suppressive micro environment in Q fever AAA resulting in persistent local infection with C. burnetii.

immunology↗

Phagocytic Uptake of Particles by Immune cells Under Flow Conditions

Particles injected intravenously are thought to be cleared by macrophages residing in the liver and spleen, but they also encounter circulating immune cells. It remains to be established if the circulating cells can take up particles while flowing, and if the uptake capacity is similar under static and flow conditions. Here, we use an in vitro peristaltic pump setup that mimics pulsatile blood flow to determine if immune cells take up particles under constant fluidic flow. We use polystyrene particles of varying sizes as the model of a polymeric particle for these studies. Our results show that the immune cells do phagocytose under flow conditions. We demonstrate that cell lines representing myeloid cells, primary human neutrophils and monocytes take up sub-micrometer-sized particles at similar or better rates under flow compared to static conditions. Experiments with whole human blood show that even under the crowding effects of red blood cells, neutrophils and monocytes take up particles while flowing. Together, these data suggest that circulating immune cells are likely to phagocytose intravenously injected particulates, which has implications for design of particles to evade or target these cells.

bioengineering↗