Biology subjects

Spyropoulos, G.

Publications and source records attributed to Spyropoulos, G..

4 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2022

Distinct feedforward and feedback pathways for cell-type specific attention effects in macaque V4.

Spatial attention selectively enhances neural responses to visual stimuli. There are two long-standing hypotheses about how top-down feedback enhances sensory responses in areas like V4: First, by amplifying V1-to-V4 feedforward communication via 30-80Hz gamma-coherence. Second, via top-down feedback to V4 supra- and infra-granular layers. To test these hypotheses, we recorded distinct cell-types across macaque V1 and V4 layers. Attention increased both V1-V4 gamma-coherence and V4 spike-rates, yet with distinct laminar and cell-type profiles. Surprisingly, V1 gamma did not engage V4 excitatory neurons, but only Layer-4 fast-spiking interneurons. Similar observations were made in mouse visual-cortex, where feedforward gamma-influences preferentially recruit optogenetically-tagged PV+ and narrowwaveform SSt+ interneurons. By contrast, attention enhanced V4 spike-rates in both excitatory neurons and fast-spiking interneurons, with the strongest and earliest modulation in Layer-2/3, consistent with a feedback influence. These findings reveal distinct feedforward and feedback pathways for the attentional modulation of inter-areal coherence and spike rates, respectively.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2019

Gamma-cycle duration predicts instantaneous amplitude, spike rate and synchrony in macaque V1.

Circuits of excitatory and inhibitory neurons can generate rhythmic activity in the gamma frequency-range (30-80Hz). Individual gamma-cycles show spontaneous variability in amplitude and duration. The mechanisms underlying this variability are not fully understood. We recorded local-field-potentials (LFPs) and spikes from awake macaque V1, and developed a noise-robust method to detect gamma-cycle amplitudes and durations. Amplitudes and durations showed a weak but positive correlation. This correlation, and the joint amplitude-duration distribution, is well reproduced by a dampened harmonic oscillator driven by stochastic noise. We show that this model accurately fits LFP power spectra and is equivalent to a linear PING (Pyramidal Interneuron Network Gamma) circuit. The model recapitulates two additional features of V1 gamma: (1) Amplitude-duration correlations decrease with oscillation strength; (2) Amplitudes and durations exhibit strong and weak autocorrelations, respectively, depending on oscillation strength. Finally, longer gamma-cycles are associated with stronger spike-synchrony, but lower spike-rates in both (putative) excitatory and inhibitory neurons. In sum, V1 gamma-dynamics are well described by the simplest possible model of gamma: A linear harmonic oscillator driven by noise.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2019

A distinct class of bursting neurons with strong gamma synchronization and stimulus selectivity in monkey V1

Cortical computation depends on interactions between excitatory and inhibitory neurons. The contributions of distinct neuron-types to sensory processing and network synchronization in primate visual-cortex remain largely undetermined. We show that in awake monkey V1, there exists a distinct cell-type ({approx}30% of neurons) that has narrow-waveform action-potentials, high spontaneous discharge-rates, and fires in high-frequency bursts. These neurons are more stimulus-selective and phase-locked to gamma (30-80Hz) oscillations as compared to other neuron types. Unlike the other neuron-types, their gamma phase-locking is highly predictive of their orientation tuning. We find evidence for strong rhythmic inhibition in these neurons, suggesting that they interact with interneurons to act as excitatory pacemakers for the V1 gamma rhythm. These neurons have not been observed in other primate cortical areas and we find that they are not present in rodent V1. However, they resemble the excitatory \"chattering\" neurons previously identified by intracellular recordings in cat V1. Given its properties, this neuron type should be pivotal for the encoding and transmission of V1 stimulus information.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2017

A Theta Rhythm In Awake Macaque V1 And V4 And Its Attentional Modulation

Theta rhythms govern rodent sniffing and whisking, and human language processing. Human psychophysics suggests a role for theta also in visual attention. Yet, little is known about theta in visual areas and its attentional modulation. We used electrocorticography (ECoG) to record local field potentials (LFPs) simultaneously from areas V1, V2, V4 and TEO of two macaque monkeys performing a selective visual attention task. We found a {approx}4 Hz theta rhythm within both the V1-V2 and the V4-TEO region, and theta synchronization between them, with a predominantly feedforward directed influence. ECoG coverage of large parts of these regions revealed a surprising spatial correspondence between theta and visually induced gamma. Furthermore, gamma power was modulated with theta phase. Selective attention to the respective visual stimulus strongly reduced these theta-rhythmic processes, leading to an unusually strong attention effect for V1. Microsaccades (MSs) were partly locked to theta. Yet, neuronal theta rhythms tended to be even more pronounced for epochs devoid of MSs. Thus, we find an MS-independent theta rhythm specific to visually driven parts of V1-V2, which rhythmically modulates local gamma and entrains V4-TEO, and which is strongly reduced by attention. We propose that the less theta-rhythmic and thereby more continuous processing of the attended stimulus serves the exploitation of this behaviorally most relevant information. The theta-rhythmic and thereby intermittent processing of the unattended stimulus likely reflects the ecologically important exploration of less relevant sources of information.

neuroscience↗