Spottiswoode, N. | bioRxiv Science

bioRxiv2025

A Wildlife Health Outbreak Response Table-top Exercise for Pandemic Preparedness Planning

Zoonotic diseases have received significantly more attention over the last few decades, emerging with increasing frequency and causing the majority of notable disease outbreaks in this century, including the COVID-19 pandemic. As human activities and shifting climate patterns induce changes in the environment that alter habitat and range of reservoir species, the potential for human and animal interactions will increase and enhance the opportunity for spillover. Thus, any emergency response preparedness planning must take into account the function and coordination of agencies across the sectors of human, animal and environmental health. Within the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania a table-top exercise was performed to evaluate a multi-agency response during a hypothetical zoonotic disease investigation. The exercise was evaluated by the participants to gain feedback on the overall process and lessons learned. Here, we describe the tabletop exercise scenario and the insights gained. We found that differences in operational structure create challenges for interdepartmental communication and in the ability to resource a coordinated response, highlighting opportunities to develop infrastructure that will facilitate future actions. A set of recommendations are outlined that may enhance cross-agency activities and promote more effective and efficient emergency response.

scientific communication and education↗

bioRxiv2025

Nitroxoline treatment of Balamuthia mandrillaris triggers genomic crisis, transcriptional collapse, and incomplete encystment via copper and iron chelation

Balamuthia mandrillaris is a free-living amoeba that can infect the central nervous system to cause granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE), a highly fatal disease with mortality rates up to 90%. GAE is typically treated with a six-drug regimen with limited efficacy and significant toxicity. Our lab previously identified nitroxoline, a quinolone antibiotic, as a promising therapeutic complement to the existing regimen, and in 2021 nitroxoline was first successfully used to treat a human patient. In this study, we elucidate nitroxolines mechanism of action using a combination of genomics, transcriptomics, chemical complementation, growth assays, and electron microscopy. In service of this goal, an annotated draft genome of B. mandrillaris strain CDC:V039 was generated using long read sequencing, yielding over 32,000 predicted protein coding sequences, the majority of which were present on telomere-to-telomere predicted chromosomal contigs. Leveraging this resource, comparative transcriptomics were used to characterize encystment responses to three different cellular stressors: nitroxoline, galactose, and hypoxia. Our findings reveal that nitroxoline-induced cysts undergo transcriptional collapse and genomic and structural destabilization via copper and iron chelation, and that preformed cysts are also disrupted by nitroxoline. These data provide insight into nitroxolines multifaceted impact on B. mandrillaris growth and cellular processes and advance our understanding of the transcriptional landscape associated with stress induced encystment. Our findings support the continued clinical study of nitroxoline as a complement to the existing regimen. Author SummaryBalamuthia mandrillaris, one of three known brain-eating amoebas, causes a rare but usually fatal disease called granulomatous amoebic encephalitis. Until 2025, treatment options were limited, with most drugs proving ineffective against lab grown Balamuthia and toxic to humans. We previously discovered that the antibacterial drug nitroxoline prevented Balamuthia from destroying tissue by triggering encystment, whereby amoeba transition into dormant cysts. Nitroxoline was later used to successfully treat a patient, but it was unclear how the drug worked and whether the induced cysts could reawaken and cause the infection to return. To understand this process, we studied how Balamuthia responds to nitroxoline and compared it to two other stressors: low oxygen and excess sugar. Using genomic, chemical, and imaging tools, we found that Balamuthia activates different sets of genes depending on the type of stress, arguing against a single, universal encystment program. We also found that nitroxoline prevented formation of viable cysts and killed existing ones by depriving them of essential copper and metal ions. These findings improve our understanding of how Balamuthia becomes a cyst, offers clues for therapeutic intervention, and supports the continued use of nitroxoline to treat this deadly infection in combination with the existing drug regimen.

microbiology↗