3-hydroxyanthranilic acid - a new metabolite for healthy lifespan extension
The metabolism of tryptophan to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) through the kynurenine pathway is increasingly linked to aging and age-associated disease. Kynurenine pathway enzymes and metabolites influence a range of molecular processes critical to healthy aging, including regulation of inflammatory and immune responses, cellular redox homeostasis, and energy production. Aberrant kynurenine metabolism is observed during normal aging and has been implicated in a range of age-associated pathologies, including chronic inflammation, atherosclerosis, neurodegeneration, and cancer. In previous work, we and others identified three genes--kynu-1, tdo-2, and acsd-1--encoding kynurenine pathway enzymes for which decreasing expression extends lifespan in invertebrate models. Here we report that knockdown of haao-1, a fourth kynurenine pathway gene encoding the enzyme 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid dioxygenase (HAAO), extends lifespan by ~30% and delays age-associated decline in health in Caenorhabditis elegans. This lifespan extension is mediated by increased physiological levels of the HAAO substrate 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3HAA). 3HAA increases resistance to oxidative stress during aging by directly degrading hydrogen peroxide and activating the Nrf2/SKN-1 oxidative stress response. Aging mice fed a diet supplemented with 3HAA are similarly long-lived. Our results identify HAAO and 3HAA as novel therapeutic targets for age-associated disease. This works provides a foundation for more detailed examination of the molecular mechanisms underlying the benefits of 3HAA, and how these mechanisms interact with other interventions both within and beyond the kynurenine pathway. We anticipate that these findings will bolster growing interest in developing pharmacological strategies to target tryptophan metabolism to improve health aging.