Single-cell transcriptomics reveals varying degrees of epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity in lymph node metastasis from oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma
BackgroundOral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), an HPV-negative head and neck cancer, frequently metastasizes to the regional lymph nodes but only occasionally beyond. Initial phases of metastasis are associated with an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), the consolidation phase is associated with mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). This dynamic is referred to as epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP). While it is known that EMP is essential for cancer cell invasion and metastatic spread, less is known about the heterogeneity of EMP states within a tumor and even less about the heterogeneity between the primary and metastatic lesions. MethodsTo capture heterogeneity of EMP states in OSCC, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) of 5 primary tumors and 9 matching lymph node metastases and re-analyzed publicly available scRNAseq data of 9 additional primary tumors. To account for possible bias in cell type compositions by scRNAseq, these were also deconvoluted from bulk transcriptome analyses. Protein expression of selected genes were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. ResultsFrom the 23 OSCC lesions the single cell transcriptome of a total of 7,263 carcinoma cells was available for in-depth analyses. We initially focused on one lesion to avoid inter-patient heterogeneity as a confounding factor and identified OSCC cells expressing genes characteristic of different epithelial and partial EMT stages, such as keratins and SPRR1B (cornifin B) or vimentin and matrix metallopeptidases. RNA velocity information together with the increase in inferred copy number variations indicated a progressive trajectory towards epithelial differentiation in this metastatic lesion. Extension to all samples revealed a less stringent but essentially similar pattern. Interestingly, cells undergoing MET show increased activity of the EMT activator ZEB1. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that ZEB1 was co-expressed with the epithelial marker cornifin B in individual tumor cells - more frequently in lymph node metastases. The lack of E-cadherin mRNA expression suggests this is a partial MET. ConclusionsThis study reveals that EMP enables different partial EMT and epithelial phenotypes of OSCC cells, which are endowed with capabilities essential for the different stages of the metastatic process, including maintenance of cellular integrity. During MET, ZEB1 appears to be functionally active, indicating a more complex role of ZEB1 than mere induction of EMT.