Adverse PFAS effects on mouse oocyte in vitro maturation are associated with carbon-chain length and inclusion of a sulfonate group
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are man-made chemicals that are used in products such as non-stick cookware, stain-resistant coating, and food packaging. PFAS are characterized by their fluorinated carbon chains that make them hard to degrade and bioaccumulate in human and animals. Toxicological studies have shown PFAS toxic effects: cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity. Two major categories of PFAS are perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCA) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid (PFSA). In this study, we used a mouse-oocyte-in-vitro-maturation (IVM) system to study how the structures of PFAS, such as carbon-chain length and functional groups, determine their reproductive toxicity. We found the toxicity of PFAS is elevated with increasing carbon-chain length and the inclusion of the sulfonate group. Specifically, at 600 {micro}M, perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) reduced the rates of both germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and polar body extrusion (PBE) as well as induced the formation of relatively large polar bodies. However, the shorter PFSA, perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS), and all PFCA did not show similar adverse cytotoxicity. We further examined mitochondria and cytoskeleton, two essential factors for cell division, in PFOS- and PFHxS-treated oocytes. We found that 600 {micro}M PFHxS and PFOS exposure induced excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Cytoskeleton analysis revealed that PFHxS and PFOS exposure induced chromosome misalignment, abnormal F-actin organization, elongated the spindle formation, and symmetric division in the treated oocytes. Together, our study provides new information on the structure-toxicity relationship of PFAS. SynopsisReproductive toxicity of PFAS, a group of persistent organic pollutants, is determined by their chemical structures.