Blood flow synchronization in renal microcirculation - a high-resolution imaging study.
AimsInternephron signalling and interaction are fundamental for kidney function. Earlier studies have shown that nephrons signal to each other over short distances and adjust their activity accordingly. Micropuncture experiments revealed synchronous clusters of 2-3 nephrons formed from such interactions, while imaging and modelling results suggested the possibility of larger clusters. Such clusters are expected to play an important role in renal autoregulation, but their presence has not been confirmed and their size has not been estimated. In this study, we present methodology for high resolution renal blood flow imaging and apply it to estimate frequency and phase angle differences in kidney blood vessels under normal conditions and after administration of the vasoactive agents angiotensin II and acetylcholine. Methods and resultsTo resolve signals from separate arterioles in a sufficiently large field of view, we developed a method for renal laser speckle contrast imaging. Our setup provides imaging of blood flow in the kidney cortex with a limit of image resolution at 0.8m per pixel and imaging frequency of 160Hz. We used the method to record from 1.5x1.5 mm2 sections of the renal surface in anaesthetised Sprague-Dawley rats in unstimulated conditions and during IV infusion of the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II or the vasodilator acetylcholine. In each section, we resolved and segmented 94.8{+/-}15.66 individual arterioles and venules, and analyzed blood flow using wavelet spectral analysis to identify clusters of synchronized blood vessels. ConclusionsWe observed spatial and temporal evolution of blood vessel clusters of various sizes, including the formation of large (>90 vessels) long-lived clusters (>10 periods) locked at the frequency of the tubular glomerular feedback (TGF) mechanism. The analysis showed that synchronization patterns and thus the co-operative dynamics of nephrons change significantly when either of the vasoactive agents is administered. On average, synchronization was stronger (larger clusters, longer duration) with angiotensin II administration than in the unstimulated state or with acetyl choline. While it weakens with distance, increased synchronization duration spanned the whole field of view, and likely, beyond it. Neighbouring vessels tend to demonstrate in-phase synchronization, especially in the vasoconstricted condition, which is expected to cause locally increased pressure variation. Our results confirm both the presence of the local synchronization in the renal microcirculatory blood flow and the fact that it changes depending on the condition of the vascular network and the blood pressure, which might have further implications for the role of such synchronization in pathologies development.