Sorichetti, V. | bioRxiv Science

bioRxiv2023

A liquid-like coat mediates chromosome clustering during mitotic exit

SummaryThe individualization of chromosomes during early mitosis and their clustering upon exit from cell division are two key transitions that ensure efficient segregation of eukaryotic chromosomes. Both processes are regulated by the surfactant-like protein Ki-67, but how Ki-67 achieves these diametric functions has remained unknown. Here, we report that Ki-67 radically switches from a chromosome repellent to a chromosome attractant during anaphase. We show that Ki-67 dephosphorylation during mitotic exit and the simultaneous exposure of a conserved basic patch induce the RNA-dependent formation of a liquid-like condensed phase on the chromosome surface. Experiments and coarse-grained simulations support a model in which the coalescence of chromosome surfaces driven by phase separation promote clustering of chromosomes. Our study reveals how the switch of Ki-67 from a surfactant to a liquid-like condensed phase can generate the mechanical forces during genome segregation that are required for re-establishing nuclear-cytoplasmic compartmentalization after mitosis.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2022

Vimentin intermediate filament assembly is a reversible process

Networks of intermediate filaments (IFs) need to constantly reorganize to fulfil their functions at different locations within the cell. The mechanism of IF assembly is well described and involves filament end-to-end annealing. By contrast, the mechanisms involved in IF disassembly are far less understood. In vitro, IFs are assumed to be very stable and their disassembly negligible. IF fragmentation has been observed in many cell types, but it has been suggested to be associated with active processes such as IF post-translational modifications. In this article, we uncover the contribution of filament spontaneous fragmentation in the assembly dynamics of type III vimentin IF using a combination of in vitro reconstitution probed by fluorescence imaging and theoretical modeling. We first show that vimentin assembly at low concentrations results in an equilibrium between filament annealing and fragmentation at times [≥]24 hours. At higher concentrations, entanglements kinetically trap the system out of equilibrium, and we show that this trapping is reversible upon dilution. Taking into account both fragmentation and entanglement, we estimate that the mean bond breaking time is [~]18 hours. This translates into a mean breaking time of [~] 5 hours for a 1 m long filament, which is a relevant time scale for IF reorganization in live cells. Finally, we provide direct evidence through dual-color imaging that filament fragmentation and annealing coexist during assembly. By showing that IF fragmentation can occur without cofactors or post-translational modifications, our study provides new insights into the physical understanding of the IF length regulation.

biophysics↗