Biology subjects

Sorhus, E.

Publications and source records attributed to Sorhus, E..

3 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2021

Cardiac dysfunction affects eye development and vision by reducing supply of lipids in fish

Developing organisms are especially vulnerable to environmental stressors. We aimed to understand the underlying mechanisms of phenanthrene (Phe) and crude oil induced eye malformations. We exposed Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) embryos to a known L-type calcium channel blocker, nicardipine hydrochloride (Nic), and compared to early embryonic crude oil (Oil) and late embryonic Phe toxicity. All treatments lead to severe, eye, jaw and spinal deformities at early larval stages. At 3 days post hatching, larvae from all treatments and corresponding controls were dissected. Eyes, trunk, head and yolk sac were subjected to lipid profiling, and eyes were also subjected to transcriptomic profiling. Changes in lipid profiles and the transcriptome suggested that the dysfunctional and abnormal eyes in our treatments were due to both disruption of signaling pathways and insufficient supply of essential fatty acids and other nutrients form the yolk.

molecular biology↗

bioRxiv2020

Untangling mechanisms of crude oil toxicity in a cold water fish via gene expression, morphology and PAHs at two developmental stages

Early life stages of fish are highly sensitive to crude oil exposure and thus, short term exposures during critical developmental periods could have detrimental consequences for juvenile survival. Here we administered crude oil to Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) in short term (3-day) exposures at two developmental time periods: before first heartbeat, from gastrulation to cardiac cone stage (early), and from first heartbeat to one day before hatching (late). A frequent sampling regime enabled us to determine immediate PAH uptake, metabolite formation and gene expression changes. In general, the embryotoxic consequences of an oil exposure were more severe in the early exposure animals. Oil droplet fouling in the highest doses resulted in severe cardiac and craniofacial abnormalities. Gene expression changes of Cytochrome 1 a,b,c and d (cyp1a,b,c,d), Bone morphogenetic protein 10 (bmp10), ABC transporter b1 (abcb1) and Rh-associated G-protein (rhag) were linked to PAH uptake, occurrence of metabolites of phenanthrene and developmental and functional abnormalities. We detected circulation-independent, oil-induced gene expression changes and separated phenotypes linked to proliferation, growth and disruption of formation events at early and late developmental stages. Our study gives an increased knowledge about developmentally dependent effects of crude oil toxicity. Thus, providing more knowledge and detail to new and several existing adverse outcome pathways of crude oil toxicity. Graphical abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=93 SRC="FIGDIR/small/288852v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (35K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@106fe07org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f8d7borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1118852org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ccc59_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIOil droplet fouling occurred in the whole water column and increased the oil toxicity. C_LIO_LIEarly exposure resulted in higher PAH uptake due to lower metabolism resulting in more severe abnormalities. C_LIO_LIA rapid and circulation-indepenent regulation of bmp10 suggested a direct oil-induced effect on calcium homeostasis. C_LIO_LIExpression of rhag indicated a direct oil-induced effect on osmoregulatory cells and osmoregulation. C_LIO_LISevere eye abnormalities especially in the late exposure was linked to inappropriate overexpression of cyp1b in the eyes. C_LI

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2017

Genomic architecture of codfishes featured by expansions of innate immune genes and short tandem repeats

BackgroundIncreased availability of genome assemblies for non-model organisms has resulted in invaluable biological and genomic insight into numerous vertebrates including teleosts. The sequencing and assembly of the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) genome and the genomes of many of its relatives (Gadiformes) demonstrated a shared loss 100 million years ago of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II genes. The recent publication of an improved version of the Atlantic cod genome assembly reported an extreme density of tandem repeats compared to other vertebrate genome assemblies. Highly contiguous genome assemblies are needed to further investigate the unusual immune system of the Gadiformes, and the high density of tandem repeats in this group.\n\nResultsHere, we have sequenced and assembled the genome of haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) - a relative of Atlantic cod - using a combination of PacBio and Illumina reads. Comparative analyses uncover that the haddock genome contains an even higher density of tandem repeats outside and within protein coding sequences than Atlantic cod. Further, both species show an elevated number of tandem repeats in genes mainly involved in signal transduction compared to other teleosts. An in-depth characterization of the immune gene repertoire demonstrates a substantial expansion of MCHI in Atlantic cod compared to haddock. In contrast, the Toll-like receptors show a similar pattern of gene losses and expansions. For another gene family associated with the innate immune system, the NOD-like receptors (NLRs), we find a large expansion common to all teleosts, with possible lineage-specific expansions in zebrafish, stickleback and the codfishes.\n\nConclusionsThe generation of a highly contiguous genome assembly of haddock revealed that the high density of short tandem repeats as well as expanded immune gene families is not unique to Atlantic cod - but most likely a feature common to all codfishes. A shared expansion of NLR genes in teleosts suggests that the NLRs have a more substantial role in the innate immunity of teleosts than other vertebrates. Moreover, we find that high copy number genes combined with variable genome assembly qualities may impede complete characterization, i.e. the number of NLRs might be underestimates in the different teleost species.

genomics↗