Sorensen, D. O. | bioRxiv Science

bioRxiv2026

Perceptual and neural biomarkers of distraction from an external sound source are not associated with tinnitus severity

Individuals with chronic tinnitus perceive a phantom sound that imposes either a bothersome and irrepressible distraction throughout waking hours or a relatively mild nuisance that often fades into subliminal awareness. The difference in tinnitus salience may reflect a general difference in inhibitory control over any distracting sound, whether externally or internally generated. To test this hypothesis, we investigated neural and behavioral signatures of external auditory distraction suppression in participants with chronic tinnitus that had mild or bothersome tinnitus but were otherwise matched for age and hearing loss. Participants in both groups underwent behavioral and EEG testing that asked them to report on a target stream of amplitude modulated tones that switched from a random arrangement to a repeating sequence. Using additional sounds that imposed varying levels of distraction, we documented neural and perceptual suppression of auditory distractors. Behaviorally, participants with mild versus bothersome tinnitus showed comparable reductions in accuracy in the presence of varying distractor loads. Neural synchronization to the target stimulus change rate provided a useful proxy for distraction effects but did not differ between tinnitus groups. Likewise, no group differences were observed in the neural synchronization to modulation rates of the target or distractor stimuli. Our results build on work showing that individuals with tinnitus perform as well as individuals with normal hearing on listening tasks in noisy environments and expand this observation into the neural representation of sounds. Suppression of the internally generated phantom percept does not appear to be linked to general deficits in suppressing distractors.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2025

The Slowest Timescales of Neural Synchronization Reveal the Strongest Influence of Auditory Distraction

Among all the sounds occurring at any given time, people are often interested in listening to just one. Some competing sounds are merely background noise, whereas others distract attention from target sounds and are less easily suppressed. During active listening, the central auditory pathway unmixes target and distractor sounds based on temporal differences that vary across three orders of magnitude - from millisecond differences in acoustic temporal fine structure to slower perceptual grouping factors that stretch out to multiple seconds. Here, we developed an approach to directly measure central auditory encoding of multiplexed target and distractor sound features in human listeners to determine which timescales are most impacted by the presence of distracting sounds. Target sounds contained nested features along four timescales, including temporal fine structure ([~]500 Hz), temporal envelope ([~]25-80 Hz), envelope changes ([~]5 Hz), and slower changes in embedded context reflecting whether target stimuli were randomly arranged or formed a repeating pattern ([~]0.5 Hz). Targets were presented with competing sounds that provided variable levels of distraction: either a highly distracting melody or a less distracting noise. Neural synchronization to each timescale was simultaneously and independently measured for target and distractor sounds from electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings during a listening task. Sustained shifts from random to regular arrangements of temporal sequences were reliably perceived, yet did not evoke a pattern recognition potential, nor neural synchronization changes at any timescale. Synchronization to relatively slow changes in envelope transitions (<10Hz) of the target sound deteriorated with the addition of a more distracting sound while synchronization to more rapid fluctuations in the fine structure or envelope modulation rate were unaffected by varying levels of distraction. Categorizing trials according to task performance revealed a conjunction of enhanced entrainment to slower temporal features in the distractor sound and reduced synchronization to the target sound on error trials. By designing a stimulus paradigm that leveraged the remarkable temporal processing capabilities of the auditory nervous system, we were able to simultaneously quantify multiple target and distractor sound features reproduced in the EEG. This paradigm identified synchronization processes in the 7-10 Hz alpha range that has been linked to distractor suppression, which may prove valuable for research on clinical populations who report difficulty suppressing awareness of distracting sounds.

neuroscience↗